tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-41452018027277108532024-02-07T21:39:14.795-08:00The Musings of an Orthodox BritGlory to God for everythingOrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.comBlogger105125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-37154331207633024422021-12-12T13:15:00.003-08:002021-12-12T13:15:34.894-08:00“For we are members of one another.” – Forsaking Bitterness<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://drmargaretrutherford.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/bitterness-1-e1509226442115.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="498" height="173" src="https://drmargaretrutherford.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/bitterness-1-e1509226442115.jpeg" width="260" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Originally posted on CopticNN</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In our fast paced and modern lives,
based around quick communication and quicker reaction we often do not take time
reflect; however, this lack of reflection and introspection can often give rise
to the struggle of controlling anger and lack of consideration of the impact of
these feelings on ourselves and our faith. In fact, both scripture and the
writings of the Church fathers warn of this constantly and give numerous reasons
why we need to be cautious about our failures to stop and consider others. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In his letter to the Ephesians, St
Paul dedicates vast swathes of his writing to warnings of the impact of a lack
of insight when dealing with others. He begins the fourth chapter of the letter
with a plea to, <b>“<span class="text">Make every effort to keep the
unity of the Spirit through the bond of peace,”</span></b><span class="text"> (Ephesians 4:3) reminding the community that collaboration and
cooperation with another in our spiritual lives is a task which requires effort
on all our parts. Throughout the chapter St Paul uses this opportunity to
express the link between acceptance of the weaknesses of others and growth in
the Christian life. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="text"><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In this way we
are warned here to take time to think of the impact of our activities on those
around us and reflect on the situations which may surround us when confronted
with anger or bitterness towards others for our weaknesses or theirs. St Basil
discusses this also in his sermon on anger, stating that it leads us to act
irrationally since those caught in the throws of anger<b>, “do not have time
for the perception of what they have suffered, since the whole of their soul
has been moved toward revenge against those who have grieved them.”</b> This
presents us with a challenge since we are all often caught in the bonds of
annoyance or frustration, having felt wronged, and we see this become
especially common today where we are open to means of communication which can
respond in short and quick terms without the need for any physical or emotional
closeness to others, effectively foregoing the need for any consequence or
witness of the implications.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="text"><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">St John
Chrysostom discusses this in his 8<sup>th</sup> homily on the Epistle to the
Ephesians, emphasising the need to recognise the unity of ourselves and our
brothers instead of enmity at times of strife. He says that we should, <b>“Bind
yourself to your brother. They bear all things lightly who are bound together
in love.”</b> In this there is a recognition of our natural biases towards
those close to us, however the solution he offers is not a novel one but I
vital part of the Christian message, to recognise that all are our brothers and
sisters and therefore there is to be no favouritism in our dealings with each
other, echoing Christ’s own sentiment in Luke 8:21 that, <b>“My mother and my
brethren are these which hear the word of God, and do it.”</b> In these words,
all we interact with become closer and to be treated equally with respect as
those brought into life in Christ. These words can apply in any situation, and
not just to those who share our faith but all those who share in being part of
God’s act of creation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="text"><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">So how do we
overcome this struggle? It is not an easy task. However, we are given many
examples in the words of the Apostles and Fathers to guide us in this
challenge. The first of these we can take it is to stop and consider our
responses to the actions of others. St Basil speaks of this as to, <b>“give
your thoughts the opportunity to choose the good portion,”</b> and considering
that the actions you take will either assist that person in their growth,
demonstrating God’s love. If you choose in such situations to act in spite it
will have the opposite impact and drive that person further to their own anger
and potentially into the hands of other sins. A similar sentiment is expressed
by St Paul to his Ephesian brothers, whom he tells </span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“<b>In your anger do not sin,”</b> (Ephesians 4:26) in this
manner telling them to think before they take actions which will lead to the
suffering of others. This manner of thought before action leads one to the
opportunity to assess their situation and reflect before they turn from godly acts.
This also allows the opportunity to reflect and apply this response when in
struggles, giving the opportunity for prayer and development in these virtues. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Similarly, another way to build up a
habit against anger and bitterness is to actively practice Christian virtue.
This is again a key theme mentioned by St Paul in his letter to the Corinthians
when he advises them to, <b>“put on the new self, created to be like
God in true righteousness and holiness,” </b>(Ephesians 4:24) warning them
against continuing to practice deception and anger. In this way, if we are to
seek to emulate Christ through a life of virtue we should be constantly
vigilant in avoiding sinful passions. This can mean working on both our prayer
life, which is the basis of all virtue, and on the application of our faith in
our daily lives through recognition of the virtues of humility and peacefulness
in our actions we can work to avoid lapsing into anger and malice, always being
reminded of the example set in the life and teachings of the incarnate Word of
God. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This leads to a final thought. St Paul finishes the 4<sup>th</sup>
chapter of his letter to the Ephesians with a command to the people, he says, <b>“Get
rid of all bitterness, rage and anger, brawling and slander, along with every
form of malice. Be kind and compassionate to one another, forgiving each other,
just as in Christ God forgave you”.</b> (Ephesians 4:31-32) In this we are
reminded of this important promise of the Christian faith, that to be born
again in Christ does not mean to become immediately perfect but to have the
opportunity of salvation in him. In this we are given the opportunity to dwell
alongside others and together to cast of our old selves and become what we are
made to be. In this we are not called to rashness but to compassion, not to
bitterness but to forgives, and not to wrath but to the divine forgiveness
through Christ and his life-giving Cross. There can be no greater glory than
this, so it is certainly worth taking time to reflect upon before any action.<o:p></o:p></span></p>OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-76290522772443173682021-12-12T13:13:00.006-08:002021-12-12T13:13:55.093-08:00Book Review: "Voyager from Xanadu" By Morris Rossabi<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://productimages.worldofbooks.com/0520262379.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="334" height="177" src="https://productimages.worldofbooks.com/0520262379.jpg" width="118" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Voyager from Xanadu: Rabban Sauma and the First Journey from
China to the West</b><br />
By Morris Rossabi<br />
ISBN: <span style="background: white; color: #4d5156; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%;">9780520262379</span><br />
Price: £16.60<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I originally picked this text up after listening to the
final episode of the Timur Podcast and seeking to read more on the politics of
the various khanates following the death of Chinggis Khan, especially with
regards to the various key Christian actors involved. Having previously read quite
deeply into the topic I was pleased to find that this book went into
significant detail on the place of the Church of the East in the Yuan Dynasty and
Ilkhanate, and offered much more detail on the journey of Rabban Bar Sauma.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">To summarise the book and its purpose, the text is an overview
of the journey of Rabban Bar Sauma to the West and his encounters with the
various religious and secular rulers and authorities, along with the
implications of the journey with regards to the political relationships between
the Ilkhanate and its western neighbours. Throughout the book, we see the
historical context of his visit to a various state and the way in which this
played into his treatment, from the mild response from the cardinals on his
first visit to Rome, to the exaltation of the kings of both England and France
at the possibility of a crusade against the Mamluks. This along with the occasional
side mention of the changing politics of the east allows the narrative to play
out wonderfully or the historically midned reader.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">One wonderful benefit of this is that we are given the whole
scope of the journey, not just following Rabban Bar Sauma as he journeys, but
being given an additional layer of context to every gift, handshape, or Mass he
is involved in, helping us understand the significance of every act. Rossabi’s
style of writing also provides a great flow, making this less of a discussion of
an historical record and closer to a piece of journey fiction based in the medieval
period. However this writing style is also something of a burden for the
reader, since Rossabi is often so engaged in the narrative that we are not
treated to the use of Bar Sauma’s own text, in fact Bar Sauma’s own journal is
hardly even quoted in the text. For myself as a theologically minded reader, I
would have been interested in reading Rabban Bar Sauma’s own word’s from some
of his debates and discussions with the cardinals in Rome and scholars
elsewhere, but instead we are given an overview of it by Rossabi instead.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This also raises one more issue for myself as someone coming
to the text to explore the theological implications, since Rossabi’s own
understanding of the theological landscape and debates of the period are somewhat
inaccurate at points. Examples such as calling the Jacobites of the Syriac Church
“Monophysite” and referring to Bar Sauma as a Nestorian without addressing the
implications for this on his visits to the Byzantine empire or Roman Church
(minus a strange interaction regarding the filioque) leave me as a reader seeking
elsewhere for a clearer discussion. In this manner, Rossabi’s book failed to
scratch the itch it promised to.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Overall this was an enjoyable book and recommended for
anyone wishing to know about this specific historical episode, however if you
are seeking dept or a detailed overview then you should look elsewhere.<o:p></o:p></p><br /><p></p>OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-59342501419661818282020-11-22T12:01:00.000-08:002020-11-22T12:01:01.057-08:00Discussing Orthodox Faith: Playing to our Strengths<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Otsy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="423" data-original-width="500" height="197" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Otsy.jpg" width="233" /></a></div><p></p><p>Originally posted on <a href="https://www.copticnn.com/2561-playing-to-our-strengths-orthodox-faith/">CopticNN</a></p><p class="MsoNormal">I am going to start this piece by saying something crazy, I
am Orthodox because it is truth. I am not Orthodox because it is fun, I am not
Orthodox because it is convenient, and I am not Orthodox because it suits my
lifestyle. I am simply an Orthodox Christian because it is the fullness of the
faith, found inside the living and apostolic Church as guided by the Holy
Spirit. This is the greatest strength of the Church and the greatest weapon of
the Church when confronting challenges in expressing the faith to others.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">For many Christians around the world the expressing of faith
to others is done through adapting the worship or making changes in expression
to accommodate for a change in the audience, seeing many traditions as being
outmodes or subjective, Though as mentioned in our previous article, this can
often serve to only weaken to the resolve of someone seeking the faith as they
would see it undervalued by those inside. In the same manner that one would not
destroy or vandalise a priceless artifact, we would not dismantle or undermine
the traditions passed down if we see them as apostolic or given through Christ
himself to the world. This leads us to the question of the value of the faith’s
apostolicity and historical significance in dialogues regarding faith and how
these are indeed the greatest tools in the arsenal of the evangelist in the
postmodern religious landscape.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Firstly if we speak of the historicity of the Church, we are
speaking of its role in the history of Christianity from the life of Christ to
today. This is something that many Christian communities cannot address, having
their origins in schisms and splits from other communities or from the Church
itself, since it is difficult to justify one’s belief as Christianity in the
most traditional sense when ones founder rejected this faith. In the same
manner many religions have strayed so far from their own historical origins
that they are almost meaningless as an historical faith, such as western
Buddhism which many see as an ‘alternative lifestyle,’ rejecting many of the
foundational or traditional praxis or ethics for the sake of promoting itself
to the new-age movement in the western world.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">However this places Orthodox Christianity in a unique
position, keeping its origins clear and its historical values and faith close
to it. In this manner it is a beacon and living expression of the faith of the
early Church, something many seek in this world of replicas and individualism,
something I myself was drawn to. The historical veracity and continuance of
apostolic tradition is a vital aspect of the Church in the world today as this
is spoken of as vital in scripture. St Paul teaching in 2Thess 2:15, “stand
firm and hold fast to the teachings we passed on to you, whether by word of
mouth or by letter.” For many this simply means the words given in scripture,
however from an orthodox perspective this can apply to the praxis, ethics and
doctrines given by the fathers alongside scripture and its interpretation,
allowing Orthodoxy to breathe in the world as a living expression of the faith
of the Apostles themselves. In this way, Orthodoxy appears to those who seek
the living expression of this faith. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">In a similar manner the Apostolicity of the faith itself is
important when expressing the Orthodox faith to others. If one is seeking the
faith of the apostles they will seek the faith which accords with the faith
taught by the Early Church, in this way they will be drawn to Orthodoxy. The
English Catholic Saint John Henry Newman stated, “To Be Deep in History Is to
Cease to Be Protestant,” and he was right in this. To discover the aspects of
faith which were expressed in the Church at the time of the Nicene fathers and
not find them in ones own Church or amongst those Christians visible in your
life can be devastating to ones faith, in the same manner that one would feel
ashamed to discover their parents had deceived them regarding their identity.
In this manner, Orthodoxy is unique in not having this crisis of identity
amongst Christians today. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">In this same way, Orthodox Christianity can be seen as
amongst only a few faiths which has not liberalised or culturally warped its
doctrines. If we are to compare it to examples in Judaism, where we see the
destruction of the temple and emergence of rabbinical Judaism then later the
rise of the Chassidic movements, we see a gradual shift from anything
resembling the Jewish faith two thousand years ago. In the same manner Islam
has failed to be able to express its faith in the modern world in the opposite
sense, enforcing doctrine without justification, which is again against its own
historical praxis of incorporating Hellenic philosophy as seen in places such
as early Baghdad and Damascus. Both of these serve as examples of how Orthodoxy
has been able to present itself as a doctrinally, and in its ethos, the living
Church of the apostles, a vital point of emphasis for one explaining why
Christianity is a historical and Apostolic Faith.<o:p></o:p></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal">So what is the message here? It is a simple one. Do not see
the Church’s history as a burden or something which cannot be a point of value.
Many seeking the Church today will find solace in its historical viability and
clear representation of the apostolic faith as proof of its heritage in a
religious marketplace fully of diverse yet unrooted traditions. As Christ
himself Said of the faith of his Apostles, “on this rock I will build My church,
and the gates of Hades shall not prevail against it.” In the same way we must
say that on the rock of the faith of the Apostles we must found our own
evangelism, and if we do this then the gates of hell can never prevail over our
work. <o:p></o:p></p><p><br /></p>OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-70219880598850178212020-11-22T11:55:00.002-08:002020-11-22T11:55:34.060-08:00Discussing Orthodox Faith: Audience and the dangers of pre-packed evangelism<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.pinimg.com/474x/64/73/b9/6473b9439979cf10db9acf0e6911ec9a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="468" height="247" src="https://i.pinimg.com/474x/64/73/b9/6473b9439979cf10db9acf0e6911ec9a.jpg" width="193" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>Originally posted on <a href="https://www.copticnn.com/2562-discussing-orthodox-faith-audience/">CopticNN</a></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Someone I often notice when speaking of my personal journey
to the Orthodox faith is that people do not hear what they expect to. A number
of years ago I attended a converts group and explained how I came to faith
through philosophical enquiry and was told, “we don’t want to hear about
philosophy, when did you open your heart to Jesus?” Needless to say, I didn’t
attend the group again. However, this incident raises an interesting challenge
regarding the expression of our faith to others, and that is the risk of
alienating them through not speaking to their need.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In my own secular life, I work as a teacher, and the
question of differentiation comes up often in my planning. We are trained to
ask, ‘what level are you teaching to?’ and ‘How does the lesson link to prior
learning?’ In the same manner, we need to ask the same question when speaking
about our faith or trying to present it in a manner which would be meaningful
to others. After all, what benefit is it to speak of the marvel the crucifixion
to someone who hasn’t come to terms with the concept of the salvation it
brought. Similarly, we would not spend the majority of our energies convincing
a well-studied catholic enquirer of the importance of the fathers or apostolic
succession. Therefore, we need to step away from the presumption that a
‘pre-packed’ view on evangelism or the position that all come to Christ in the
same way,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Let us take two examples and compare these. Imagine that you
have a visitor to your parish who has come from a Pentecostal background and
left due to a family issue, they would be seeking to find community and a
church which can provide comfort. They may also face difficulties in areas such
as the veneration of the Saints, or the use of Icons in the Church. This means
that anyone helping with their catechesis will need to adapt their approach to
these specific needs through themselves having a comforting approach and a
depth of understanding of these issues. In a similar way, if there were to be
someone coming from a non-religious background and seeking to become Orthodox
following some personal epiphany regarding the faith. This person may have
background in addressing philosophical questions and need their entire
understanding rebuilt from the ground up and need to address tough questions on
theological challenges such as the nature of God. Similarly approaches may
differ based on someone’s prior theological education or their own prayer life,
both of which impact the approach the Church should take when introducing
someone into the Church and catering for their development.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As both of these examples show, the view that someone’s
spiritual and catechetical development can be presumed is an absurd one and one
which the Church needs to address, otherwise we risk falling into the common danger
of ‘prepacked evangelism’ which we see often amongst some communities who will
take a generic and often impersonal approach to their introduction of the faith
to others. This is also something we often see in our own communities where an
enquirer whose needs or questions are not answered will be blamed if they do
not attend again or lose their way in their journey of faith. However if we are
to take an intelligent approach to this challenge it can be solved by looking
to the example of Christ in his interactions with people of differing
backgrounds and foundations in their faith.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In John 4 we see Christ’s interaction with the Samaritan
woman, in which he refers to her concerns over the Jewish/Samaritan schism in a
manner which gives us pause to think. When she asks, “You are a Jew and I am a
Samaritan woman. How can you ask me for a drink?” (John 4:9) due to views on
ritual purity he responds by pointing out, ““If you knew the gift of God and
who it is that asks you for a drink<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, you would have asked him and he would have
given you living water.” (John 4:10). In this manner he addresses her concern
though raising his divinity, leading to a discussion on his teachings and the
nature of salvation. Following this he calls her to him through speaking of the
end of this schism through the person of Christ, stating, “<span style="background: white; color: black;">a time is coming and has now
come when the true worshipers will worship the Father in the
Spirit and in truth, for they are the kind of worshipers the Father
seeks.” (Jhn 4:21). In doing this there is no dismissal of either her previous
views nor a vindication, but a catering to the discussion she needed for her
salvation. Applying this to the modern challenge in evangelism in a multi-faith
society, we need to ask “what is their prior understanding? What needs to be
stripped away, and what can be built on?”</span></span> In this manner we can
both take down any misconceptions and build up and need for development based
on the manner of someone’s prior learning.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In its missionary and evangelism work, the Coptic Church has
made strives in its approach to bringing faith to other communities and growing
in the multi-faith and often postmodernist world, however without ensuring that
the evangelism that appears is catered to the recognition that diversity is not
simply intercommunal but also intracommunal it is bound to hit a brick wall. If
we cannot speak to the individual and their own experience in our attempts to
bring others into the Church, we will struggle to bring anyone into the Church.
In the same manner, if we cannot cater to the individual needs of the person
coming into the Church, we should not be surprised if they seek it
elsewhere.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p><br /><p></p>OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-64090376484505657682020-11-22T11:51:00.006-08:002020-11-22T11:51:40.300-08:00Discussing Faith: Culture, language, and the modern Areopagus.<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_(1515).jpg/1280px-V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_(1515).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="800" height="220" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_(1515).jpg/1280px-V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_(1515).jpg" width="286" /></a></div> <p></p><p>Originally published on <a href="https://www.copticnn.com/2418-discussing-orthodox-faith/">CopticNN</a></p><p class="MsoNormal">As Orthodox Christians, we often bemoan the state of our
missionary work in countries unreached by the faith, however these efforts have
been growing recently, with missions and parishes emerging in the far-east,
sub-Saharan Africa, and South America.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Recently
I had the blessing to speak with a missionary association in Cairo, discussing the
challenges facing those travelling around the world to share their faith, and
how to counter these. One of the biggest challenges discussed was regarding
cultural dialogue and the challenges of expressing the Christian faith in
communities where even the most basic Christian theological terminologies were
not a part of the vernacular.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Though this may sound like an obscurity, when we look at
prevailing theologies outside of those areas occupied by Abrahamic faiths, we
see the challenge facing those whose role it is to express our apostolic faith
to others; it is often seen as being incompatible, at a theological level, with
the local culture. Because of this It becomes the role of the missionary to
develop a theological dialogue between themselves and an audience who have no shared
concepts or vocabulary to base their discussion on.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Let us look at an example. Imagine an orthodox missionary
were to travel to rural Mongolia, armed with a collection of materials and a
fluent understanding of the local language. They would have the capacity to
explain their belief but not to translate these in a sense that would permeate
in a culture whose religious literacy is tied up largely in Buddhism and native
shamanism. The challenge would no longer be one of how to begin a discussion
but of how the discussion can be understood accurately and in a meaningful way.
Even concepts which we largely take for granted in discussions, such as the concept
of a personal (relatable in some sense) God, may become far more difficult to
express to someone whose concept of God is impersonal or whose faith is
traditionally deistic. In the same manner we would be required to address
concepts far beyond this such as trinity, incarnation and eschatology, without
risking falling into creating our own theologies or misrepresenting them.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The western Philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein discussed this
challenge in his theory of Language Games. He implied that the vast majority of
philosophical disagreement is grounded in the differences in use of terminology
and that, “Philosophical issues arise when language goes on holiday.” To get by
this issue one would be expected to understand the rules and terminology regarding
discussing that subject, like someone would be expected to understand and play
by the rules of chess when in a game of chess. In the same manner, if someone
were to engage in a theological discussion with someone whose only
understanding of religion comes from non-theistic or deistic traditions they
would be expected to discuss things in a way that would be meaningful to their
audience, otherwise the discussion would be fruitless. This is exactly the
challenge faced by missionaries, not the ability to discuss faith, but to have
it understood in a meaningful way.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This dilemma may imply that I feel missionary work in such
cultures is futile, however I for one relish the existence of this challenge
and recognise it as having been one which the Church (both our Oriental
Orthodox, and the Eastern Orthodox) have had to face in the past and have done
so before. In the case of the Eastern Orthodox we have examples such as Cyril
and Methodius who literally developed a new alphabet to allow Slavonic
communities to read the Gospel. However, the greatest example can be seen in
Acts 17, where St. Paul discusses the faith with Greek philosophers, applying
their own terminologies and sentiments to demonstrate the nature of God,
bringing many to the faith.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">St. Paul’s Areopagus sermon is the perfect example of
knowing your audience and their culture, allowing St Paul to engage fully in
their discussions and bring them to the understanding of the faith. If we break
this sermon down, we will see this in its entirety. St Paul begins by
discussing their forms of worship and beliefs through the inscription to the
‘Unknown God.’ And explains, “the One whom you worship without knowing, Him I
proclaim to you: God, who made the world and everything in it, since He is Lord
of heaven and earth, does not dwell in temples made with hands.” (Acts 17:23) in
doing this we see him acknowledge the personal nature of their previous theology
and apply it to his words regarding the Christian faith. Following on from
this, he explains to them the errors of applying their worship to this
theology, using the shared belief regarding the nature of God as his basis,
allowing understanding and agreement. We also, in this instance, see an area
where there is no shared basis, when we are told, “when they heard of the
resurrection of the dead, some mocked, while others said, “We will hear you
again on this matter.” (Acts 17:32). However in this instance, many seem to
wish to continue to hear and understand, thus giving St. Paul his opportunity
to continue to share based on his willingness to reference their beliefs and
use them to explain the Christian faith and its truth.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">With the example of St. Paul in the Areopagus, we see both
the challenges and rewards which missionaries can face when expressing the
faith to others. By using and referencing the ‘Unknown God’ and how He is known
through Christ, St. Paul was able to win many to the faith, however he also
recognised the challenge of expressing belief in an afterlife to those who do
not recognise the post-mortem existence. It is in matters such as these that
the modern missionary will look to establish a shared understanding of language
on the nature of body, soul and spirit where available. However, topics of
eschatology remain something of a challenge to express even to those within the
Church at times.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Overall, the challenge of filtering the truth of our faith
through differing cultural contexts is one which the Church faces increasingly
as it looks outwards to missions in cultures with no prior understanding or
exposure to Abrahamic faith, and especially to Christianity. However, through
recognition of the need to work within the bounds and rules of the prior
language and cultural or religious landmarks of those we are seeking to bring
to Christ, we can break down the language barrier and allow for a more
meaningful and thorough dialogue, deepening the love of Christ in those we wish
to welcome into his Church. Christ called us to bring all nations to him, this
will always seem a daunting task but once the first wall is broken between the
Church and those it seeks to welcome, others will seem much smaller.<o:p></o:p></p><br />OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-68696130244517063302019-02-24T22:32:00.003-08:002019-02-25T03:00:50.879-08:00Book Preview: "Scriptural Basis of the Divine Liturgy" by Rany Makaryus<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/41rejMGW0HL._SX311_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="313" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/41rejMGW0HL._SX311_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>“The Scriptural Basis of the Divine Liturgy: Meditations on the Coptic Orthodox Liturgy of Saint Basil”</b><br />
By Rany Makaryus<br />
Price: £6.95 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Amazon UK)<br />
ISBN: 1732891818</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Today’s blog post will be slightly different to the usual.
Instead of reviewing a book, we have the blessing of hearing from the
author. Rany Makaryus’ book “The Scriptural Basis of the Divine Liturgy” is a
wonderful introductory text to liturgical studies, exploring the scriptural
links between the Liturgical prayers of the Coptic Orthodox Church and Scripture,
as well as the origins of our Liturgical practice found therein.</div>
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<br /></div>
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So here is what Rany had to say:</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Do you remember the
last time you focused on what was being recited in church before taking
communion? It is very hard to focus on that. We always have so much on our
minds as we stand there stressed out about work, conflicts with others,
problems we are facing, and pending tasks we need to complete. Besides the
stress, any little thing happening around us so easily distracts us</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¾</span></span>just
a small alert from our phone can send our minds off in many different
directions. Worse is that it seems we have become rather immune to the many
prayers that are recited on a weekly basis. </i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Growing up going to
church on a weekly basis and being the smart aleck kid that I was, I liked to
ask annoying questions such as, “If Jesus said that we should not use vain
repetitions in our prayers, then why do we repeat prayers so many times during
the liturgy?” Similarly, we might ask why the prayers in church are so long and
drawn out. This might be the case in many different churches, but it is
particularly true about the Coptic Orthodox Church. If you've ever been to one
of our liturgies, you will realize just how long this could take. The shortest
I’ve ever seen is at least 2 hours from when the service begins to when we
heard the words “Go in peace.” Much happens in that time, and if we really care
to know the answers to these questions, we should diligently try to understand
what is being said and done. </i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Coptic Orthodox
Church presents us with many rich traditions and prayers that are meant to keep
us rooted in the true faith.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In fact, as
much as the liturgy is meant to prepare us for receiving Holy Communion, it is
also a way for us to learn about our faith. There is so much that a believer
can learn about Christianity simply by attending and paying attention during
the liturgical prayers on a weekly basis. </i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">When I started to dig
deep into understanding why there are so many prayers, why they are all so
important in preparation for receiving this sacrament, and how they were all
put together in the form that we now have, it became very clear that these
prayers have one main source, and that is the Holy Bible. I was most intrigued
by the words of Saint Paul to the church in Corinth about their church
gatherings saying, “For I received from the Lord that which I also delivered to
you...” (1 Cor 11:23). This phrase indicates that this tradition of breaking
the bread and sharing in communion with one another</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¾</span></span>receiving
the Body and Blood of Christ</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¾</span></span>was instituted by Christ
Himself. We can further extrapolate from this that this tradition was preserved
by the church and passed down to us through the past 2 millennia. Further
evidence of this is that different churches throughout the world, many of which
have not maintained much communications for centuries, currently have very
similar phrases used in their prayers. </i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">How is it that these
prayers can be preserved, not only through time, but also throughout many
different cultures and traditions around the world? The reality is that this is
mainly because these prayers have their roots in the scriptures that we all
hold so dear to our faith. This was the principle inspiration for me as I put
together my findings, leading to writing the book <u>Scriptural Basis of the
Divine Liturgy: Meditations on the Coptic Orthodox Liturgy of Saint Basil</u>.
Though it might be hard to focus on the prayers during the liturgy, if we
really want to take our faith seriously, we should strive to understand the
meaning behind these prayers that we hear on a weekly basis. Hopefully, with
this new year, we can take a renewed focus on the liturgy and the depth of
meaning we gain from it. “</i><br />
<br />
<u>Scriptural Basis of the
Divine Liturgy is available now on Amazon UK:</u><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><br /></u></i><br />
<div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_614229544">For print books:</a></div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_614229544">
</a><br />
<div>
<a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1732891818">https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1732891818</a></div>
<div>
<br clear="none" /></div>
<div>
For kindle version:</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B07P4DS1PM?ref_=pe_3052080_276849420">https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B07P4DS1PM?ref_=pe_3052080_276849420</a></div>
</div>
</div>
OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-67250928518172723152019-01-03T14:40:00.000-08:002019-01-03T14:40:58.072-08:00Tolkien, Meekness and the Christian Message of Hope.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<u>“<b>We must take a
hard road, a road unforeseen. There lies our hope, if hope it be.”</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br />
Tolkien, Meekness and the Christian Message of Hope.</b></u></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://sspx.org/sites/sspx/files/styles/dici_image_full_width/public/news/professor_j.r.r._tolkien.jpg?itok=qqIpMzEW" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="800" height="180" src="https://sspx.org/sites/sspx/files/styles/dici_image_full_width/public/news/professor_j.r.r._tolkien.jpg?itok=qqIpMzEW" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The title of this
post may be a bit confusing, so before I start I will explain. Having spent the
last year agonising over what to write about, I stepped back and decided to get
back into reading. One of my favourite genres is ‘High Fantasy’ and
specifically the writing of JRR Tolkien, with his blending of his faith, life
and interests into his writing. Having recently rekindled my love of his Lord
of the Rings series, I was reminded of an important theme, the theme of having hope.
Since today also lands on the Birthday of Tolkien, I thought it apt to write
this short reflection.</div>
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In the Christian faith, we hear of the term hope constantly,
with the emphasis on God’s great love for us in the action of the Incarnation.
This is expressed well in the First Epistle of Peter, in which we are reminded
that God, “<span class="text"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">was manifest
in these last times for you, <sup> </sup>who through Him believe in God, who
raised Him from the dead and gave Him glory, so that your faith and hope are in
God.</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">” </b>However, unlike the traditional concept of the provision of
hope in an almighty God, the Christian message of hope goes a step beyond and presents
its message of hope through two unimaginable images; his birth and his eventual
death. </div>
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Interestingly, in Tolkien’s “Lord of the Rings” this theme of
hope promised through the unimagined is often expressed in a way that is highly
relatable to Christians today, as it is expressed as coming in the meekest of
beings and the darkest of journeys. To me, one of the greatest expressions of
this hope is found at the Council of Elrond. For those who have not read the book,
this is an event in which the Free peoples of Middle Earth meet to discuss what
to do upon discovering the Ring of Power, which is a weapon of pure power and
evil, often symbolic of sin or corruption which gives power but ultimately
destroys. Because of this, it is decided that the only possibility is to destroy
it, by entering the land of Mordor, where the enemy resides. “<b>We must take a
hard road, a road unforeseen. There lies our hope, if hope it be. To walk into
peril – to Mordor. We must send the Ring to the Fire.” </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In this we already see the resemblance to the
Christian concept of Christ’s death and resurrection. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In both cases, hope
is found in the darkest of situations through something which we would not
usually seek as a form of hope. In the case of Middle Earth it is found in
entering the very home of Evil, in the case of our faith it is found in the
Death of Christ on the cross. As John Chrysostom stated in his Paschal Sermon, <b>“</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Let no one fear death, for the Saviour’s
death has set us free. He that was held prisoner of it has annihilated it. By
descending into Hell, He made Hell captive.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>This expression of faith would seem utterly
baffling to one outside of Christianity, however it is in this that we find the
core of our faith as a truth. Because of this, the concept of death becomes a
promise of eternal life to Christians, as the death of Christ allows us a
Salvation which we were promised, in the same manner as those attending the
Council of Elrond found their Salvation only through the journey into the lair
of their enemy.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The message of such
a hope is vital to Christians today, since we are expected to take leaps of
faith and take up our struggle in all we do. Christ reminds us in the Gospels, </span><span class="woj"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“If anyone would come after
me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me.<sup> </sup>For
whoever would save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for my
sake will find it.</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">” </b>This becomes even more prevalent when we witness
the dedication to their faith of the many Martyrs of both the Early Church and even
today. In this, the realisation of the call to the promise of eternal life
becomes a reality and the hope of life after this becomes something to hold
onto regardless of circumstance. It is this very fact that makes it so
profound. Knowing that our salvation came through Christ’s passion and
resurrection gives hope that God is there, and that even in the darkest of
times there is a light and that that light is God.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<br />
In the same manner, the idea of the Incarnation itself and
gift of hope through Jesus Christ was something of a scandal in the ancient
world, especially in the manner of his coming; St Athanasius reminds us that, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“The Lord did not come to make a display.
He came to heal and to teach suffering men.” </b>In this we see that hope came in
Christ in the humblest of manners. During this time of advent this message
becomes even more prevalent, and we are taught of the nativity of our Lord
being born not in a Palace as a King but in a manger where animals feed from.
St john Chrysostom expresses this in an emphatic manner in his nativity Sermon,
stating, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“What shall I say! And how
shall I describe this Birth to you? For this wonder fills me with astonishment.
The Ancient of Days has become an infant. He Who sits upon the sublime and
heavenly Throne, now lies in a manger.” </b>In this we see the scandal of hope
coming through the meekest of means.<br />
<br />
This theme is again taken up by Tolkien, through his main protagonist
who is a Hobbit (Halfling) named Frodo. As all of the races are arguing over who
will destroy the ring he volunteers to take up the quest and he expresses his
meekness by stating, “'<b>I will take the Ring,' he said, 'though I do not know
the way.’ </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In this we see the reminder
of the smallest of beings doing what none other could. This message again is
emphasised when it is stated, “<b>such is oft the course of deeds that move the
wheels of the world: small hands do them because they must, while the eyes of
the great are elsewhere.” </b>This resonates with the message of the Incarnation,
that the lofty and prideful will not seek Salvation in what they perceive as
lesser, an attitude which we see throughout the Gospels through the Jewish
authorities refusing to accept Christ due to their pride and greed. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
This message again is a vital and important practical
message for Christians, since God has condescended and became man for us,
offering up himself as man that we may come to know him and receive Salvation.
St Paul expresses this, stating how he, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“did
not regard equality with God a thing to be grasped, but emptied Himself, taking
the form of a bond-servant, and being made in the likeness of men.” </b>This
can again link to the message of the Resurrection that he died to defeat death,
in the same way he came to us to help us come to him. In living out this in our
lives we are given a living example of how to live meekly and in humility. Even
beyond this we are offered a promise of Salvation, reminded that the meekest
and lowest of us can be the bearer of hope to others. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Overall, we are offered two key images of hope, neither of
which would traditionally inspire in us the idea of a promise of Salvation or
Hope. However, we know that it was through the birth of the Child in the Manger
and his harrowing Death on the Cross that hope was returned to us with the
promise of Salvation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At this Advent
time this is a stunning image and one which is at the centre of our prayers.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To quote Tolkien one more time, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“This is the hour of the Shire-folk, when they arise from their quiet fields
to shake the towers and counsels of the Great. Who of all the Wise could have
foreseen it? Or, if they are wise, why should they expect to know it, until the
hour has struck?” </b>Or to put it simply, Hope is found in the most surprising
of places but it is always hidden in plain sight. </div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-17295684966551587392018-08-02T12:46:00.000-07:002018-08-02T12:48:17.990-07:00The Camino de Santiago: My Reflections<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj701CEbXv7ATPKqsG4ePn_n1k_A17xcMkrzFJtUlONb1nbRLlQ-HfUcCQxtXsW0BEgYlmj5N-oQt0KNWIKVsq1LNN7rs_yfheHnGIr6f03KJU3Ioh2xYWwtOTxsJFV3tJZMLP-gYFC_QlH/s1600/IMG_20180729_092141.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj701CEbXv7ATPKqsG4ePn_n1k_A17xcMkrzFJtUlONb1nbRLlQ-HfUcCQxtXsW0BEgYlmj5N-oQt0KNWIKVsq1LNN7rs_yfheHnGIr6f03KJU3Ioh2xYWwtOTxsJFV3tJZMLP-gYFC_QlH/s320/IMG_20180729_092141.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Preparation</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“The goal is a
perfect peacefulness even in the middle of the raging storm.” – St John
Climacus.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the busy modern world, the concept of escaping the world to
spend time alone with God is utterly alien. We will often spend twelve hours a
day working and barely achieve twenty minutes in prayer to thank God for the
things which he has provided for us.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Because of this struggle, this year myself and a close friend decided to
take some time this year to restore our ‘spiritual compasses’ and dedicate some
time to God through walking the Camino Ingles, one of the less walked northern
routes of the Camino De Santiago. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Camino De Santiago is the name given to a medieval
pilgrimage, originating in the 9<sup>th</sup> Century, to the Tomb of St James
in Santiago de Compostela. In my case, the route which I walked was the Camino
Ingles, which travels 119km between the northern Spanish cities of Ferrol and
Santiago de Compostela. This route was originally used by Northern European
pilgrims who travelled by sea to Ferrol from England. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After discussing this with His Eminence, Archbishop Angaelos
I received his blessing to go on this pilgrimage and following further thought
I decided to add an additional motivation to this walk and seek sponsorships
for the St Kyrel Trust, a Coptic charity which works to provide for vulnerable youths
who lack the means to go to work towards improving their situation. As someone
who works in the education system, this charity and its work mean a lot for me,
and as someone who has spent a significant part of his life working within the
Church I felt the need to work to combine these two and work to promote a
charity which cares for both those within the Coptic community and the
importance of education and social mobility amongst the youth. To donate to their cause you can use the link provided <a href="https://www.justgiving.com/crowdfunding/deacon-daniels-camino">HERE</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
With these in mind, I prepared both physically and
spiritually for the journey, knowing I would be walking over 20km per day
through areas of solitude, meeting very few people apart from in the hotels and
hostels we stayed in. This was a difficult thing to prepare for, especially
living in a city and a society which values social interaction above all else.
One extremely beneficial source of this guidance was HH Pope Kyrillos, whose
guidance through his monastic life has guided many young Orthodox Christians to
work closer in their relationship with God through both choosing to enter the
monasteries or working on their prayer life within their daily life outside of
the monastery. Armed with this guidance and an 8kg backpack we started our
journey to Ferrol.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Day one: Ferrol to
Pontedeume</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYhsrc5A8YNUmJTi8D688zw4bXtu6cH11ULTBpcoHMRsntNwhulXLpxma3YkBbk71GkMFK3o29U1-TWuzfcmzpRtZv8rlFAYrHpq-WlbcWdiD3oSyO5QsO9da5m0qUEmwoTbZ7csoQFuLK/s1600/IMG_20180725_100816.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYhsrc5A8YNUmJTi8D688zw4bXtu6cH11ULTBpcoHMRsntNwhulXLpxma3YkBbk71GkMFK3o29U1-TWuzfcmzpRtZv8rlFAYrHpq-WlbcWdiD3oSyO5QsO9da5m0qUEmwoTbZ7csoQFuLK/s320/IMG_20180725_100816.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“And if one were to
ask, what road is this? I say that it is the soul of each one of us, and the
intelligence which resides there. For by it alone can God be contemplated and
perceived." – St John Chrysostom</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After a two day drive through France and Spain, stopping off
in Loudes overnight, we reached Ferrol. The City itself is a small naval city
and is currently struggling with economic issues following the departure of
most industries to other parts of the country. After finding the first mile
marker, we began our journey to the town on Pontedueme where we would complete
the first stage of the walk. The road was a difficult one, especially because
of it being the first day of travel. Around half way through the day we reached
the town of Fene where we met two more pilgrims at a pilgrim café. This was a
great reminder that we were on a journey with others. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Following this meeting, we continued to Pontedeume and
travelled through some of the beautiful country lanes of Galicia, across a
number of hills and through villages before walking across the Eume and into
the town itself. Reaching this first town was a strange experience, since we
both celebrated the achievement and realised the immensity of what was to come.
After a short break in the town we visited St James (Santiago) Church in the
town and headed to our Hotel (Pension). The owners were wonderfully
accommodating to our lack of Spanish. The running of this small family run
Pension was an interesting reflection of family values, with the whole family
helping run the establishment and other family members visiting in the evening
to relax together. This is a change from the family life I have experienced in
other places where interactions are often short and the presence of the other
person is enjoyed less than the motive for the discussion. After rest and a
quick breakfast the next day we moved on to our next destination.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Day Two:
Pontedeume to Betanzos</u></b></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi03dcxECmzB6wTSVgBufEZEdo7rhaTh27eA_lMp6LvzMNVoZHNfJQ1EbF1xLkFaPJyo2HidQUQUra6yQJCzslctAPk1LCOR5xDn89VpOYtvD98oNK8N6tc6md-NzN-lR5sfnhL15TuDei3/s1600/IMG_20180725_131933.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi03dcxECmzB6wTSVgBufEZEdo7rhaTh27eA_lMp6LvzMNVoZHNfJQ1EbF1xLkFaPJyo2HidQUQUra6yQJCzslctAPk1LCOR5xDn89VpOYtvD98oNK8N6tc6md-NzN-lR5sfnhL15TuDei3/s320/IMG_20180725_131933.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">"When you see
your brother, you see the Lord your God." - Abba Apollo </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The journey to Betanzos the next day was a pleasant one,
stopping half way in the seaside town of Miño. The journey consisted of mostly
forest and countryside which left us with some wonderful views and reminders of
the glory of God. One of the most enjoyable moments was during our stop in Miño
where we met a man from the USA who was visiting family in Spain and was
overjoyed to see English pilgrims on the route. </div>
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Following this, we continued to walk through the countryside
and found such a welcome as pilgrims that it put other areas of charity to
shame, and made us really reflect on our mindset to wards visitors. As we
passed through hamlets and small villages we were greeted often with “Buen
Camino,” meaning “Good Camino” and found cold boxes containing drinks, attached
to donation boxes, for pilgrims to take as they pass in exchange for a small
amount of money. Looking back at this, I could never see such a thing working
in London as there is not a degree of trust or trustworthiness. In warm days,
such a gracious act was extremely appreciated, and I wonder how many other
cities or businesses act in this way to the benefit of humanity and impact of
such a thing becoming widespread.</div>
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On arrival in Betanzos we visited the main Church in the
city and had the blessing to attend the pilgrims mass in which prayers were
said for all those pilgrims who were heading to Santiago de Compostela and the
Tomb of St James. In was here that we had the blessing to meet more pilgrims,
including a protestant minister and some Spanish students. Following a nice
talk with some of these were reminded of the diversity of this pilgrimage and
diversity of motivations. Of all the pilgrims met, there were very few who were
travelling for religious reasons, with most travelling for a sense of challenge
or for personal reasons. Regardless of this there was a sense of unity in that
all were on the same path, experiencing the same challenges and having to
overcome theme together. This sense of unity on the pilgrimage was a strong
bond which brought everyone together. This would be important the next day as
we were to travel 27km uphill to Hospital de Bruma.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Day three:
Betanzos to Hospital de Bruma</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie8eP7VcB5c0rbETeEn94Niq2_748mL48nF4dQzAnKAfj9hfUgsCylwoGr58QhMkM-6ZClnO_s1qPmnpQr1SC7rksr-JpeJyLnDf48FsWDUnBeZ4Y_sMe46JBoBWp92NkUJ2-wDpPIJDzd/s1600/IMG_20180726_102010.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie8eP7VcB5c0rbETeEn94Niq2_748mL48nF4dQzAnKAfj9hfUgsCylwoGr58QhMkM-6ZClnO_s1qPmnpQr1SC7rksr-JpeJyLnDf48FsWDUnBeZ4Y_sMe46JBoBWp92NkUJ2-wDpPIJDzd/s320/IMG_20180726_102010.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">"Do not attempt
to explain something difficult with contentiousness, but with patience, prayer
and unwavering hope." – St Mark the Ascetic</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
The next morning we awoke early at 6am, to begin what was
expected to be a 10-12 hour day uphill to the hamlet of Hospital de Bruma. Most
of the guide books had warned that this would be the most difficult of days,
and so we had decided to have an early start to miss the midday heat. The
journey started with some difficult uphill sections, leading to the small down
of Presedo. In the town of Presedo we discovered a small pilgrim café which,
being the last pilgrim café before Bruma, had everyone we had previous met
there. In this café we were able to relax and hear more of the stories of our
fellow travellers and their motivation with a few people asking about our
religious motivation for taking the pilgrimage (my travelling partner being a
Catholic lay-chaplain.) Here we again felt the kinship from before, meeting
many of these people for the second time and sharing our journeys before
separating for the next stage.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The second half of the trip to Bruma was more difficult, with
more slopes and more road walking than before, which had a major impact on my
feet after hours of walking on dirt paths and country roads. The long stretches
gave us a chance to reflect on the journey so far, and chances to stop for
water and often prayer which should be the first call in such times.
Fortunately the weather was more generous and so we were treated to clouds and
mild warmth as opposed to the boiling heat from the first two days. We arrived
in Bruma at around 3pm, with painful feet, and were treated to lunch at a small
village café before heading to our hotel to freshen up and rest for the
evening, spending another evening with some fellow pilgrims.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Hospital de Bruma
- Sigüeiro</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAQltUNQZfIpnv2NC0piA_-U4FhhhMJSUvjh6r3UbgfAYzxxkNOoT5q_L9YbBv0lTVVX1eY_jTRSggkHAVqAagQ6EgdsYCaYGTh9fhNFzHV4gvbO5hTYWvKzWVpp89VJu6tZHwx44rQ1Ca/s1600/IMG_20180727_122310.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAQltUNQZfIpnv2NC0piA_-U4FhhhMJSUvjh6r3UbgfAYzxxkNOoT5q_L9YbBv0lTVVX1eY_jTRSggkHAVqAagQ6EgdsYCaYGTh9fhNFzHV4gvbO5hTYWvKzWVpp89VJu6tZHwx44rQ1Ca/s320/IMG_20180727_122310.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">"Think nothing
and do nothing without a purpose directed to God. For to journey without
direction is wasted effort." - St Mark the Ascetic</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Following the challenge of getting to Hospital de Bruma we
had another long day, with 25km to Sigüeiro. The day began as the others, with
long stretches down country roads and more steep slopes leading through towns
and villages. This penultimate day of our pilgrimage led us through various
farms however it was different in that we walked a large amount of the journey
with people we had met on the way. Our walking partners were a couple from the Netherlands
and Belgium who worked as hiking guides and were preparing to write about the
Ingles route after travelling most of the other Camino de Santiago paths. We
spent a large amount of the journey speaking to them about our experience of
the way so far, and discussing the religious aspect. From their perspective, it
had very little meaning to those walking it today however they felt positive
seeking myself and James representing this link to the faith on the journey.</div>
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The evening of this long and extremely tiring day was spent
in the pilgrim hostel. Whilst there we met other pilgrims including a Belgian man
who had walked 30 day pilgrim walks every year and was a fountain of knowledge
on the topic. After this, we had the blessing to attend a Catholic Mass in the
city, and to take a talk with the priest about the pilgrimage and its importance,
he seemed again happy to see pilgrims taking this religious journey. Having
later shared dinner with other pilgrims, we were able to gain further insight
into the mindset behind many people they had met on the way and listened as
others reminisced in their journeys through some of the longer pilgrim ways. In
was great to see the impact which walking the Camino has on others even when
their motives are not outwardly religious in nature, since all seemed to have a
call to the journey. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Sigüeiro –
Santiago De Compostela</u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">"If we are not
willing to sacrifice this temporal life, or perhaps even the life to come, for
the sake of our neighbour, as were Moses and St. Paul, how can we say that we
love him?” – St Peter of Damascus</b></div>
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The final day started strangely, with the strange feeling
that the Pilgrimage was coming to an end, since despite its brevity, its impact
was significant. On a personal note, I can only wonder as to the feelings of
whose walking larger routes which can take a month or longer. Though the walk
was shorter, it again contained numerous slopes and challenging parts through
forest paths. However, by the middle of the day we were within a few kilometres
of the Cathedral. As we entered the city we visited a small Church and were
able to pray and thank God for bringing us this far, preparing ourselves emotionally
and spiritually to enter the old city and reach the cathedral.</div>
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Reaching the main square was a daunting thing to experience.
Though the journey had been a short one, the realisation that it was over and
that we had achieved our goal left me speechless. There, standing next to the
Cathedral and only a few hundred meters from the tomb of St James, it seemed
like a dream. Before entering the Cathedral we visited a small café and rested,
meeting some other pilgrims there, and reflected on how we felt. We had shared
a similar journey and a similar emotional state upon completion of the
pilgrimage, one of “not feeling like I have arrived” and unpreparedness for it
to finish. It was with this state of mind that we entered the Cathedral.</div>
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The Cathedral was beautiful and fascinating, keeping most of
its medieval architecture alongside some modern features. The centrepiece of
the Cathedral was its golden altar, along with the world’s largest censer. This
censer was only used in services where a donation had been made, and so wasn’t
used each service. After viewing this, we queued up to venerate the Saint at
the end of the Pilgrimage and pray at his tomb. This was emotionally charged
for all of the Pilgrims, since they had travelled here to venerate the Saint,
and so myself and James spent a few minutes in prayer there before moving on
and attending the Pilgrims mass at which we were happy to see many people we
had travelled with.</div>
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The next day we began our drive home. As with the way there,
we took the time to visit Lourdes as it was the half way mark. It was good to
spend the start and end of our journey at this wonderful town. The domain there,
with the grotto and basilica, was a perfect place to pray and reflect due to
its silence and prayerful atmosphere. Whilst there we took the time to say our
prayers and light candles for friends and family before resting up for the
drive home. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Tips for Travellers</u></b></div>
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Though my reflections do not quite emphasise it, the Camino
de Santiago is physically, spiritually and emotionally demanding. Even the short
routes such as the Camino Ingles (which I walked) involve hours of walking on
hillsides a day and a willingness to accept that there is little room for
stopping or giving up once the day has begun. A key piece of advice I would
give to travellers is to pack lightly and ensure that you are committed to its
completion.</div>
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By packing lightly, I mean not to pack for a holiday. The
Camino is a pilgrimage and by its nature a path. Because of this you carry your
pack with you between towns. This means that the more you bring, the more you
carry. When I walked, I only took a small amount of clothes (My cassock and 3
sets to be precise) and little else, I had planned to bring a book to read
however this became impossible due to weight, time and tiredness. Because of
this, a small pamphlet text alongside your prayer book and Bible suffices, or
even just having them on your phone could be preferable.</div>
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Overall the journey is a great blessing and I would advise
everyone to undergo it or a similar one at least once in their life, embracing
the spirit of the pilgrim. It is a chance to become one with others and forget
the secular life which drags us from others and from God. You will meet many
people of different motivations and they will become a lifeline and you will
often lose track of the real world outside of this pilgrims life, thus truly
becoming the Christians which the Apostle called “Pilgrims and sojourners” as
we were called to be. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
</div>
OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-91847280468870659602018-04-07T04:22:00.002-07:002018-04-07T04:22:58.729-07:00Contemplation the Pascha Hymn “Thine is the Power” by HH Pope Shenouda III<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
In the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, One God. Amen.<br />
<br />
Today, I would like to talk to you about the important subject of the
Passion Week. Passion Week is the holiest week of the year. And it’s
good that we talk about it right now (before the start of Passion Week),
so we can have an opportunity to enjoy this week spiritually. In this
week, the church focuses completely on the suffering of Christ.<br />
<br />
It does not become concerned with any other subject, but the
suffering of Christ. It does not desire to think about any other matter.<br />
<br />
Even the Psalms, it does not pray. Because some of the Psalms are
about the Lord’s birth, Resurrection, Ascension and His Second Coming,
and the church wants to focus solemnly on His sufferings. All the
readings of the church are about the sufferings of Christ. This subject
circulates in the church’s mind the entire week. In its hymns and
appearance which is clothed in darkness. The front chorus is empty and
the people remember that they are out of the camp.<br />
All this, gives the idea that our minds shouldn’t wander away from
the sufferings of Christ. You might have read or heard a lot about
Passion Week, but I would like to talk to you about only one point: the
prayer that the church has chosen to pray during the entire Passion
Week. She has stopped the Psalms.<br />
<br />
It turns out to be that the only thing the church prays is the praise
that says, “Thok te ti-gowm nem pi o-ou nem pi esmo nem pi amahi sha
eneh, amen… etc…” It means, “Thine is the power, the glory, the
blessings and the majesty forever, amen…” We say these words to Christ
the entire time. What does this mean?<br />
<br />
We walk, step by step, following Christ and in every step we say in
His ears, “Thine is the power, the glory, the blessings and the majesty
forever, amen…” Christ goes to Jerusalem on Palm Sunday, the people
welcome Him as a king, and we rejoice in the kingdom of Christ, saying
to Him, “Thine is the power, the glory, the blessings and the majesty
forever, amen…” And the chief priests and elders were displeased at the
horde surrounding Christ, so they start to think of His death. And while
they are thinking of His death, we are behind Him saying, “Thine is the
power, the glory, the blessings and the majesty forever, amen…” After
that, Christ stays a while at Bethany and we are behind Him with these
same words.<br />
<br />
Judas deals with the chief priests about His deliverance and we say
to Him, the entire week, “Thine is the power, the glory, the blessings
and the majesty forever, amen…” Christ is arrested and taken to be tried
and we stand with Him in court and say to Him, while He is being tried
in front of Pontius Pilate, Herod, Annas and Caiaphas the high priest,
“Thine is the power, the glory, the blessings and the majesty forever,
amen…” Christ is insulted, mocked, jeered and crucified and we stand
under the cross and repeat the same hymn, “Thine is the power, the
glory, the blessings and the majesty forever, amen…” Throughout all the
sufferings that Christ bears, the nails hammered in His hands and feet,
we say, “Thine is the power, the glory, the blessings and the majesty
forever, amen…” During the entire time, we are not occupied with
anything else. So what is the meaning of this prayer and how can we
benefit from it? This is what we are going to discuss.<br />
<br />
What are behind “Thine is the power and the glory”? We want to fully
understand it. In this week, my brothers and sisters, the last
development occurred in the strange struggle between Christ and the
Jews. In respect to suffering, Passion Week is not the only painful week
in the life of Christ. His entire life on earth was full of suffering.
It was written about Him that He is a man of suffering and will
experience sorrow.<br />
<br />
A life full of pain, not just a week. But, this week, it has reached
its limit. It is a struggle between light and darkness. In the
beginning, the darkness hated and rejected the light. People liked the
darkness more than the light because their deeds were evil. Then it
developed that the darkness tried to destroy the light. It evolved to
the point that the darkness accused the light of the being the darkness
and that it was the light. It is a struggle between the light and
darkness. This struggled was evident during the service of Christ. And
it is strange that, during this struggle, Christ was not in resistance.
“Like a lamb that is led to the slaughter, and like a sheep that before
its sheerer is dumb; He was oppressed, and he was afflicted, yet he
opened not his mouth” (Isaiah 53:7).<br />
<br />
This is Passion Week! Christ said to them that this is your hour and
the authority of darkness. Christ was given complete authority in heaven
and on the earth, but He did not use His authority against the reign of
darkness. He left the darkness to take its toll and violently work what
it wants. Without defense. Without resistance. Without standing against
it, while He was able to. He strangely let it go. As an obedient lamb
even to the slaughter. And we look at Christ while He is being led to
the slaughter. And we sing in His ears this hymn, “Thine is the power,
the glory, the blessings and the majesty forever, amen…” Your submission
to the works of evil causes you harm, anguish, insult, crucifixion and
death.<br />
<br />
This does not prevent you from being strong, praised, blessed and
beloved forever and ever, amen. We know who You are – the Holy God.
Christ submitted to the works of the darkness. Just like He gave Satan
the freedom to tempt Him as he wishes, He gave the freedom to sinful
mankind to torture Him as they wish. Even for Judas, “Jesus said to him,
‘What you are going to do, do quickly’” (John 13:27). Do whatever you
want. It might appear before the people that He was weak. But if He was,
it was not ordered of Him.<br />
<br />
In His hands was all the power, and we know that. And we sing to Him
and say “Thine is the power, the glory, the blessings and the majesty
forever, amen…”<br />
<br />
<strong>Thine is the Power</strong><br />
<br />
When Christ was insulted in Passion Week, we say to Him, “God, we
know You, You’re not a stranger to us. These people think You were weak,
and that You fell in their hands. Never! We remember all Your
incredible power. We remember that You have power in miracles. You have
power over the diseases that You healed. Power over the devils that You
cast out. And power over nature. You are He who walked on the water and
calmed the storm and waves of the sea. You broke most of the natural
laws. We know that You have the power and are capable.”<br />
<br />
<strong>Power of Creation</strong><br />
<br />
Before this also, You had the power. The power of creation. You
created a new substance in the miracle of the five loaves and two
fishes. And created a new substance when You changed the water to wine.
Water consists of oxygen and hydrogen, while wine contains alcohol and
grape juice. Where did all this come from? A new substance was created.
In the miracle of the five loaves and the two fishes a new substance was
created.<br />
<br />
In healing the eyes of the born blind, a new substance was
created. You have the power of creation. Not just in these days, but
from the beginning, You created all things. “All things were made by
Him; and without Him was not anything made that was made” (John 1:3). We
know who You are. You were from the beginning and You created
everything. You created the people that crucified You, the hand that
slapped You, and the tongue that insulted You. All things were made
through You. In Your hand is the key to life and death. You are able to
do anything, but You don’t wish to. Thy will be done. We know that You
have the power.<br />
<br />
<strong>Power in Holiness</strong><br />
<br />
We also know that You have the power in holiness. You are the only
one who defeated Satan. “For she (sin) hath cast down many wounded: yea,
many strong men have been slain by her” (Proverbs 7:26). You were the
only one left standing, because You have the power. You are stronger
than everybody, for “all have turned aside: together they have become
corrupted. There is none who does good, not even one,” (Psalm 14:3) and
need the glory of God. Satan was able to trick them all, but You are the
only strong one who bruised the head of the serpent.<br />
<br />
<strong>Power of Endurance</strong><br />
<br />
We know more than this, that You have the power of endurance. Notice
that Christ was strong in His crucifixion. Strong because He bore the
accusations of the wicked even though He had the power in His hands to
wipe them out. Who is able to endure like the Christ? Truly, power is in
endurance. There are people who are quickly shaken, angered and
weakened, but Christ was strong. There are people who can’t stand one
word. Their blood boils, their nerves are tense, their personality is
shaken and they want to get revenge. But, Christ was strong in
endurance.<br />
<br />
He endured His servants to slap Him on the face, spit on Him and
insult Him. Who of us is able to endure this? The person who’s able to
is truly strong. The Bible says, I ask of you “that are strong ought to
bear the infirmities of the weak” (Romans 15:1). But, who of us is able
to bear? Not only this, but to bear all of this from his servants,
slaves and his own creation. Can a manager or a president of a company
bear that one of his employees or janitors swear at him or say something
rude in front of him? To bear that one slaps him? Or to spit in his
face? Who is able to bear all this?<br />
<br />
There is no doubt that Christ was strong in endurance. His endurance
was based on the power of His love. Because the person who loves is able
to bear and endure. He who doesn’t love isn’t able to endure. Christ
was strong in endurance. He didn’t just bear the wicked and the
accusations, He also forgave them. He didn’t just forgive them, but
interceded, prayed and defended them in front of the Father. He said,
“Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do” (Luke 23:34).<br />
<br />
<strong>A New Measure of Power</strong><br />
<br />
Christ gave us, in His crucifixion, a new measure of power. Before, a
strong man was able to insult, conquer and destroy another. But, Christ
gave us a new example: a strong person is he who is able to tolerate
others. Strength is not in shaking and stumbling others. The true power
is in being able to love, gain and save others. Peter, the disciple,
didn’t understand the power in Christ. He thought that crucifixion is a
sign of weakness just like many people today.<br />
<br />
And they ask, “how can Christ be crucified?” They think that
crucifixion is weakness, but Christ was strong. We observe that Christ
reached the pinnacle of His power when He was hanging on the cross! The
highest level of love. The highest level of giving. The highest level of
endurance. No one has greater love than this: to lay down His life for
His friends (John 15:13). Peter didn’t understand this. That is why,
when Christ said He was going to be crucified, he said “you can’t do
that, O Lord!” Why did he say that? Because he didn’t understand the
meaning of power. He thought that power was that Christ be a king and
people worship, bow and kneel to Him.<br />
<br />
Peter didn’t think that power was that Christ shed his blood for us.
Peter didn’t understand power in another situation; when Christ was
being arrested, Peter drew his sword and cut off the ear of the servant.
He thought that this was power and bravery. Christ told him no,
concerning killing the servant, that’s easy, it’s easy to kill all these
people, but power isn’t that we kill them, but bear them. That is the
true power. Just like John and James the sons of Zebedee, they thought
that power was that fire come down and burn the city of the Samaritans
that shut it’s doors in the face of Christ.<br />
<br />
Christ told them that that
isn’t power. The power is that I bear them, have patience on them and
wait until I save them. That is the true power. He said, “you do not
know what manner of spirit you are of. For the Son of Man did not come
to destroy men’s lives but to save them” (Luke 9:55,56).<br />
<br />
Christ gave is a live, practical example of power. He didn’t explain
in detail the meaning of power, but presented an example of it from a
Christian point of view. Power that ascended accepted and bore the cross
for the sake of others. But the person that’s shaken from one, small
word is a weak person. That person can’t bear the injustice of the
wicked and therefore becomes shaken quickly. When we stand in the
presence of the cross, my brothers and sister, we don’t stand to weep
over Christ like Mary Magdalene and the daughters of Jerusalem did or to
mourn and greet Him.<br />
<br />
We stand near the cross to glorify the cross and He who is crucified
upon it and to sing to Him the lovely hymn, “Thine is the power, the
glory, the blessings and the majesty forever, amen…”<br />
<strong>We Boast in the Cross</strong><br />
<br />
Therefore, we boast in the cross. “But God forbid that I should boast
except in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ” (Galatians 6:14). If the
cross was a sign of weakness, we wouldn’t boast in it! If the cross was a
sign of weakness, we wouldn’t hang it in our churches, on top of our
towers, around our necks, engraved it in our hands or took it as a theme
in all our occasions.<br />
<br />
To us, the cross is a sign of power. In it appears the power of love,
self-sacrifice and endurance. Indeed, this is the true power. Many
people said to Christ if you were the Son of God, or if you were
powerful come down from the cross. If Christ had come down from the
cross, humanity’s salvation would have been lost. He was never overcome
by this false glory or the wrong meaning of power because He was strong.
Expressions of glorification did not matter to Him.<br />
<br />
Christ never thought of Himself, but of us. He didn’t care about saving Himself, but about our salvation.<br />
<a href="https://www.copticworld.org/articles/1968/">Contemplation the Pascha Hymn “Thine is the Power” by HH Pope Shenouda III</a><br /></div>
OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-38941107027025541452017-11-21T22:27:00.002-08:002017-11-21T22:27:30.811-08:00Female Ordination and Orthodox (re-posted from 2011)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
In Orthodoxy, following the traditions of the Early Church fathers is
just as important as following Scriptural teachings, after all, if you
want to get to the spirit of an idea, the earliest understanding of it
is most likely to be the least corrupted. So in knowing that the Early
Church was willing to ordain people of all races (Christs apostles were
not all israelites, yet he Ordained them to lead the Church after his
ascendence, and they, through the holy spirit's guidence, did the same
after this.) we also know to accept all ethic backgrounds into the
clergy as Christ himself, and his apostles did. This was not the case
with women, as there are no records of women in the early Church being
ordained. therefore following the traditions of the Early church means
not ordaining women.<br /><br />Where does the idea of a male only clergy
come from? The idea originated from the bible, and to be precise; Christ
himself. The concept of female ordination is an extremely modern one,
and is not down to “the male dominated society of the time,” not a
sexist idea, and not designed to keep women down. It is simple down to
common sense.<br />One commonly mentioned factor in this is what the
clergy are. The clergy are, in the Orthodox tradition, the image of
Christ to the congregation. This is why the ordination of Clergy is
such an important sacrament in tradition. Going by this we need to look
at what the image of Christ entails: By accounts of all Old Testament
prophecy and the very revelation as recorded in the Gospels, the Christ
was male. This means that the image of Christ is also a male image. To
many this may also bring up the Question of race, since in the west
Christ is a white male. What does this say about the Ethnicity of the
"Icon of Christ"?<br /><br />To answer the question, fortunately the
Orthodox Church has not had to deal with this issue due to the large
spread of the Church at its founding (Turkey, Egypt, Ethiopia, India,
Syria, Rome and Greece all being preached to at the time) and there have
for the last 1700 years at least been known and universally venerated
icons depicting Christ as being from all these places. An Icon of the
Theotokos (St. Mary) I have in my house depicts her as Egyptian and is
placed next to a Greek Christ Icon. As well as this, an Icon in our
Bournemouth Church has Christ as an Ethiopian, as it was written by an
Ethiopian Icon writer.<br /><br />The race of Christ, at least in the
Orthodox Church, has never been an issue. This is quite simple as the
bible states this, as well as his gender and many details about him in
the Gospels and writings of Early Christians (and Greek historians). We
know was an israelite (a semite in scientific terms. His apostles
themselves were of, and made priests of many from places such as Egypt,
Ethiopia and Antioch (Syria), and even St paul is described as being of
Egyptian Heritage( Acts 21:38 "Art not thou that Egyptian?") So race is
not something to be made a big deal of, as the tradition has not come
down through a specific race as a medium.<br /><br />Race has sometimes been
an issue in Western Churches, I have seen too many Americans with "God
Loves America" "God Hates Arabs" etc... on their shirts, cars and
everywhere else they can fit them to ever disagree with that. But as a
white, British Born member of the Orthodox Church of Egypt (The Coptic
Church) I cannot see how this could ever touch Orthodoxy, being that I
have "Brothers" and "sisters" in Ethiopia, Russia, Egypt, India and most
of the Mediterranean since the first centuries of the Church's
existance.<br /><br />This, compared to the female ordination debate is
again a simple matter of Tradition. As God chose in Christ a male body
to preach to mankind in, then chose male apostles from amongst his male
and female followers and then they, the founders of the Church, (the
apostles) ordained priests from all over. According to Tradition and
Scripture this was all led by the Holy Spirit, (which they were blessed
by) yet they were never led to Ordain women as priests, even when
preaching in nations where other faiths did (such as the greek islands),
so this is what is traditionally the way.<br /><br />A second reason why in
Orthodoxy a female clergy is seen as an impossibility is the very
nature of the Orthodox Church. The Orthodox Church is by all accounts a
Church which prides itself on the (As Bishop Kallistos Ware calls it)
“unvarying practice of the Church over the past two millennia.” With
this in mind, why would a Church which practices the Christianity of the
Earliest Christians decide to adopt a modernist, somewhat secular
outlook? We have seen the Catholics start this with Vatican II, and the
protestant Churches have done this since their creation (The very name
“protestant” gives off an image of someone pushing away). The fact
remains that in Christianity, modernisation and secularisation are
everywhere, but Orthodoxy refuses to be drawn in.<br /><br />According to Fr
Seraphim Rose, a Heiromonk and writer of the Serbian Orthodox Church in
America, “Even Heresy has its own ‘spirituality,’ its own
characteristic approach to the practical religious life.” In other
words, even someone wrong may have answers; this does not mean they are
right. In his book Orthodoxy and the Religion of the Future” he quotes
the philosopher Ivan Kireyevsky, saying “An Orthodoxy Mind stands at the
point where all roads cross. He carefully looks down each road and,
from his unique vantage point, observes the conditions, dangers, uses,
and ultimate destination of each road from a patristic viewpoint.” So in
order to obtain a truly Orthodox mind one must take a road which will
lead to God, and not to a peace with anything else. Not even comfort
within the modern secular world is worth losing that peace with God for.
We have seen monastics give up the comforts of the secular world for
God, and as Christians are asked to do the same.<br /><br />This concept has
a great influence on the Orthodox mindset, as we are not called to
change for the world around us, but to stay strong in God alone. This
is why tradition is so important to the Orthodox Church, for as so many
have swayed into heresy and changed to “go with the flow” the Orthodox
Church has, without apology, stuck to its guns and refused to fall into
the world and all its passions. This also goes for the concept of female
Ordination. We see in the Gospels how Christ picked his disciples, the
12 Apostles. Christ, actively chose men as his closest followers, though
he did have female followers. These 12 were given the power to trample
underfoot the power of the enemy, and understood Christ’s message,
spreading it across the world, no other was given the strength to do
this. From this tradition we see that Christ could have chosen women to
lead his church, but instead chose men, though we do see women the
deaconate in the early church. To the non Orthodox mind this may come
as placing women in an inferior, servant position, yet to Orthodox
Church it I simply the way in which God chose to organise his church.<br /><br />Again
to the non-orthodox mind this idea of women as the servants of the
Church and men as its head would seen a bit out of touch with “modern
feminist thought” but many forget the great female saints and Martyrs
such as St Faith, Saint Maria and St Bebaia or even the great desert
mothers and famous nuns of the Orthodox tradition whose writings and
love of God have been recorded throughout time as great wisdom. Even
above these is Gods greatest Human Creation, the Mother of our lord,
Saint Mary, the Theotokos, the Mother of God. Many Orthodox prayers are
said in her name, she is prayed for in the hours, and revered above all.<br /><br />In
conclusion, the place of women in the Orthodox Church is not a matter
of sexism; it is a simple matter of God over man, or tradition over
change. There is no “anti women” agenda in the Church as so many seem to
think, as Stanley Harakas stated in his The Orthodox Church: 455
Questions and Answers book “it is not accurate to label this tradition
as “anti-woman” and to charge the Church’s teaching with anti-feminist.
To say this is an unfortunate misunderstanding of the purpose of the
church and its primary interests.” He goes on to explain how though
many in the church have spoken out about such things as temptation and
targeted women, other women have been praised for their chastity and
wisdom, so to say the church is anti women because it is against certain
types of behaviour from women is to call it anti-food because of
fasting. These concepts are both preposterous and again miss the point.
The same goes for the idea of Sexism due to an all male clergy. If you
associate following a tradition without female clergy with being ”anti
female” you miss the point of that tradition.</div>
OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-49998604990395987252017-08-25T02:53:00.000-07:002017-08-25T02:53:11.572-07:00Book Review: Theology of a Classless Society By Dr. Geevarghese Mar Osthathios<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Theology of a Classless Society <br />
By Dr. Geevarghese Mar Osthathios<br />
ISBN: 0718824156<br />
Price: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>£89.95 (Amazon UK Marketplace)</div>
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I had been planning to buy and read this text for a number
of years to have a further understanding of Mar Osthanasios’ political
philosophy and his theological justification of it. Since in the summer I was
visiting Kerala, I thought to take the opportunity to read this text since it
is seen as one of his most famous works. As well as this, the text is often
cited as an important English language work from the Indian Orthodox,
especially with regards to concepts of social justice. With these in mind, I felt
it important to read and understand.</div>
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The book is presented as an explanation of Mar Osthasios’
theory of the possibility of a classless society, demonstrated as Christian through
use of theological examination with plenty of reference to the coequality of
the trinity and Christ’s teachings on community. It is divided up based upon
themes, from the outline of the theory, its application, to its theological
justifications, with most of the book dedicated to the theological
justification. Following on from this, Mar Osthasios gives a short question and
answer section of the theory as well as a justification for his trinitarian terminology
use which he states in the text as controversial.</div>
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Though I struggle with the premise of the book, a good
strength of it is its resourcing. Mar Osthasios, having been educated under
some of the most prominent Orthodox thinkers and secular philosophers of our
time, puts a great deal of research into the sourcing and referencing of his
work to support his theory. As well as this, the importance placed on the
justification of his theory gives the book a sense of respect since regardless
of your view on the theory you can sense the passion of the writer and it often
draws you in. Though both of these are important points, I feel the greatest
strength of this book is the writer’s awareness of the issues which people
could raise with his theory. There is no sense of arrogance in the text, which
is a rarity in political theology and many theological text. Mar Osthasios
knows some people will scoff at the idea or at his theory’s application but
wants you to know why he believes it. </div>
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The major difficulty for me with this text lies in the
theory itself and the way it is displayed. Though I admire the rigor and
passion of Mar Osthasios in presenting his theory, I still feel that it is
simply presented as a Christian Communism and is drawn too much on his
admiration of communism as opposed to the theological and ecclesiological
foundations it is claimed. An example of this comes in his ideas of
application. He often compares his view to Liberation Theology and throughout
the text he states his admiration for key thinkers of the movement without addressing
its issues Theologically. He also states that he does not see communism as an
answer since it is secular, however he then speaks in praise of Mao for being
used by God as a tool to develop ideas of a classless society, comparing him to
God’s use of Cyrus for the return of the Jews from exile without justifying the
false equivalence here. </div>
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The problem with this is that the Theological aspect seems
to be simply a coating for the theory rather than its foundation, as
demonstrated in his tracts on Jesus’ life and its links to a classless society,
which would have given a perfect opportunity to evaluate the communist links in
a more theological level but instead leaves them uncontrasted apart from the
general “but that is secular” comment. As well as this, the Theological
examples used are often vague and even risking heresy, which Mar Osthasios even
admits when addressing his almost tritheistic view of trinity. To me this makes
the book suffer greatly, since it slowly seems to reveal itself as less of a ‘Theology
of a Classless Society’ and more of a ‘View of a Classless Society with a dash
of Theology.’</div>
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Overall I would say that the text is a good one for looking
at how Christian thinkers have attempted to address the issue of clearly unfair
social practices and problems they have faced, however I cannot recommend it as
a viable foundation to a theory of political theology since it fails to address
a number of issues both theologically and politically which I feel undermine
the theory and make it appear a simple communist text with a light coating of
theology, one which has been seen in the past and has not seen itself aligned with
the Ecclesiological or Theological standings of the Orthodox Church.</div>
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OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-86061696175323051862017-08-24T09:18:00.003-07:002017-08-24T09:18:46.653-07:00Book Review: On the Tree of the Cross: Georges Florovsky and the Patristic Doctrine of Atonement<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/41wlvoREP%2BL._SX332_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="334" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/41wlvoREP%2BL._SX332_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div>
<h1>
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On the Tree of the Cross: Georges Florovsky and the Patristic Doctrine of Atonement </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Edited by Matthew Baker, Seraphim Danckaert and Nicholas Marinides<br />
ISBN: 1942699093<br />
Price: £23.02 (Amazon UK)</span></b></div>
<b>
</b><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">As an admirer of the works of Fr Georges Florovsky and the study
of patristics in general, I have been eager to pick up a copy of this text for
a while, a recent trip abroad gave me the opportunity to both buy and read this
text through, and it was well worth the wait. It contains several great essays
by prolific modern thinkers in Orthodoxy and Eastern Catholicism, spanning the
centuries of the Early Church and Florovsky’s analysis of their thought.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">As an essay collection, the book is split into different sections
by different authors based on papers presented at a patristic symposium in
honour of Florovsky held at Princeton Theological Seminary and Princeton
University in 2011. These papers each cover a specific thinker’s view on the
topic of atonement, along with links between the specific text or line of
thought covered and how this view was understood in the work of Florovsky. A
large of the text is dedicated to the specific debate between the western
substitute view of atonement and the Orthodox ontological view, however this
guiding line is demonstrated throughout to be somewhat polemical and not true
of patristic thought. The book ends with a collection of Florovsky’s essays,
some previously unpublished, on the subject.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">As mentioned at the start, I am an admirer of Florovsky’s work and
so seeing many current thinkers cover and discuss his work in the text was an
enjoyable treat and a reminder of the splendid work being done by Orthodox
thinkers in continuing Florovsky’s own patristic studies and the incorporation
of the Neo-Patristic synthesis into modern theological questions. I especially
enjoyed the sections by John Behr and Khaled Anatolios on Sts Irenaeus and
Athanasius, knowing how both are seminal thinkers on these saints it was good
to have their views on the matter of salvation analysed at this level. The book
also demonstrates the great strives made in patristic study. Overall, the text
is a great piece of work, compiling the work of some of the best modern
Orthodox thinkers on a difficult and often misjudged area of study, using their
patristic knowledge to contextualise the question of Atonement and tackle the
various approaches made.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">With regards to drawbacks of this book, the only major one which
comes to mind is that it often raises more questions than it answers. This is
not a flaw in the writing but a general problem which I find with books based
on conferences of collections of papers. An example of this comes from its
principle point of discussion on the Ontological vs Substitutory view of Christ’s
Crucifixion. Due to the essays being from various writers and from various
perspectives it gives different answers to the same questions, leaving many
readers with no definitive Orthodox view on these matters. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Overall, I would certainly recommend this book to anyone seeking
to understand the thoughts of the fathers on the matters of redemption and
atonement or with an interest in the ideas and legacy of Georges Florovsky. The
book is a great overview of the topic, utilising some of the major Orthodox thinkers
and academic writers of this generation to tackle the question with both academic
vigour and appreciation of the theological depth of the topic.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-62399049028436300592017-02-19T15:32:00.000-08:002017-02-19T15:33:00.874-08:00Book Review: Christ's Samurai: The True Story of the Shimabara Rebellion By Jonathan Clements<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/31/fa/5d/31fa5d9fb45d3a464051dbd9a652e80a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/31/fa/5d/31fa5d9fb45d3a464051dbd9a652e80a.jpg" width="209" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Christ's Samurai: The True Story of the Shimabara Rebellion<br />
By Jonathan Clements<br />
ISBN: 1472137418<br />
Price: £13.48 (Amazon UK)</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Japanese history has always been a topic I have had an
interest in, though there are many aspects of this history which I have not had
the opportunity to delve into. The events of the Shimabara Rebellion is one of
these areas and so I jumped at the opportunity to pick up this text on the
topic by the historian Jonathan Clements. The book is an overview of the events
leading to and during the Shimabara Rebellion, tackling it from a multi-layered
event in Japanese history as opposed to the traditional view of it as being a
simple religious revolt by the Christians of the prefecture. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">The text uses a chronological approach to the topic and starts
with the introduction of Christianity to Southern Japan through the trade
routes with westernised ports in China. It then traces the development of the
Japanese Jesuit missions and communities and the difficulties in transmitting
the faith. This analysis of the distinctively native form of Christianity and
the way in which the Catholic faith was somewhat mutated by local elements
entering the language and practices of the local uncatechised peasant
communities adds an interesting dimension to the text, reminiscent of Endo’s “Silence”
and his description of Japan as a swamp in which the Christian faith cannot
grow.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">The book then describes the political events leading to the persecution
of Christians in japan and the subsequent development of small hidden
communities in the islands of the South. Clements’ description of the descent
through the use of specific characters of the era assist in creating a
narrative and image for the reader. The rest of the book is dedicated to a
carefully structured, play by play, image of the Shimabara Rebellion itself
which gives the reader a well detailed account of the conflict with reference
to contemporary witnesses and documents to show how both sides reacted to
specific stimuli and events in the course of the eventual siege of Hara Castle.
</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">The almost novel like narrative and use of contemporary
witness accounts makes this book an easy and gripping read, showing Clements’
love of the topic and the people involved. When reading, it does not come off
as simply a history book but invites the reader to engage with the characters
in a way which is only deepened when the account is supported by quotations
from the letters, reports and journals of the historical players themselves. In
using this style of writing, Clements has created a historical run down which
feels closer to a novel than a non-fiction piece and done so in a way which
does not infringe on the academic integrity of the piece as evidenced in the
primary sources littered throughout the book.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">My only real gripe with the cook is the conclusion. The
Shimabara rebellion, on which the book focuses, is given a build up of close to
75 pages outlining the rise and fall of the Jesuit order as a major player in
Japanese politics at the time of the Tokugawa Shogunate. Following the
conflict, only 19 pages are dedicated to its aftermath. Since Clements
emphasises that the rebellion is not simply a religious one he seems to ignore
any analysis of the impact of the sudden drop in population on the area or the
importance of the conflict as a final fight for many aging Samurai. As well as
this, I would have liked to see more of an explanation of the impact of this on
wider religious freedom in Japan in the times between the rebellion and the
Meiji Restoration. These two areas seem neglected here, especially when
compared to the detail in which Clements covers them in the run up.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Overall, I cannot recommend this book enough to anyone
interested in either the history of Christianity in the far east or in Japanese
history generally. Clements has demonstrated that a history book can be both
engaging and academic, and made it look easy. The book is one which is hard to
put down and always has the reader wanting to see what happens next in this
play by play walk through what was a fascinating and complex time in Japanese history.
<br />
</span>
</div>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike></div>
OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-32130231380352424152017-02-19T14:50:00.000-08:002017-02-19T15:33:20.982-08:00Book Review: Coptic Christianity in Ottoman Egypt By Febe Armanios<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/NDAwWDI2Ng==/z/hOMAAOxyi-ZTblQ6/$_35.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/NDAwWDI2Ng==/z/hOMAAOxyi-ZTblQ6/$_35.JPG" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Coptic Christianity in Ottoman Egypt<br />
By Febe Armanios<br />
ISBN: 0190247223<br />
Price: £17.27</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Febe Armanios’ book is one that I had been looking forward
to reading for (literally) years. Whilst writing my Mth Thesis on the
development of the Coptic Papal Election system one of the great difficulties
was a lack of academic writing on the Coptic community during the Ottoman Era,
and this text fills in the gap nicely, using sources from both Ottoman and Coptic
records to give a broader understanding of the historical period and the
community relations therein. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Armanios’ writing takes a thematic approach to the topic,
looking at specific themes and historical instances during the Ottoman Era in
Egypt in order to gain an insight into the place of the Coptic Church in
society as well as the allowances and practices of the community in the Ottoman
yoke. The text starts with a look at the sources available to us to do this,
and raising the issue of lack of available sources to academics. It goes on to
look at martyrdom stories and their impact on the community, pilgrimage and the
development of rights and finally to cover the use of sermons to define Coptic
identity during conflicts with missionaries from the Catholic and Protestant
communities. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">The structure of the text and its great insight into a very
loosely explored period in Coptic history allows this book to demonstrate some
great and original research into themes which have not been looked at. As well
as this, Armanios’ approach to the topic and the readability through which she
expresses her research allows the reader to access a vast historical landscape
in an easy manner. This readability and originality makes Armanios’ book a
great read and certainly one to be recommended to anyone with an interest in
Coptic history or general Ottoman studies. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">As for any weaknesses, the main one is one which Armanios herself
addresses in the book. In the introduction she states that due to prejudices
with regards to the period and a general lack of scholarship as to Coptic communal
history the text can only give a broad overview of the period without delving
into any of the subjects in further detail. Therefore to any specialist reader
looking into a certain aspect of Coptic history or Ottoman history in Egypt it
can seem too loose in areas, though this is not the fault of the writer but
simply a symptom of a lack of academic resources available.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Overall, I thoroughly enjoyed the book. As mentioned, it is
readable and original in its scholarship which allows it to be a text with a
lot to offer the reader. I would recommend it to anyone looking to fill in this
much misjudged gap in Coptic Historical studies and anyone with an interest in
the development of modern Coptic society generally.</span></div>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike></div>
OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-22664064525552008232017-02-19T08:00:00.001-08:002017-02-19T08:00:36.500-08:00Making Lent Great Again: Some thoughts on Lenten Preparation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgclMrc_mur0roOawjpC0vchG8shtVGycyI7BW7twHSpEPiW8RpnCiHVMjn8qiAUXcwYiu523WD7xL8bJWUTYA1dT5UyRP5YVAaMAAIqzTNOIpI20eF5KPu-ch0lO-dXDtN49OUG3ohxk_-/s1600/golden-cross-and-candle-in-dark-surroundings.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgclMrc_mur0roOawjpC0vchG8shtVGycyI7BW7twHSpEPiW8RpnCiHVMjn8qiAUXcwYiu523WD7xL8bJWUTYA1dT5UyRP5YVAaMAAIqzTNOIpI20eF5KPu-ch0lO-dXDtN49OUG3ohxk_-/s320/golden-cross-and-candle-in-dark-surroundings.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">
<br />
With Great Lent approaching I promised myself that I would write a few points
on the subject both to prepare myself and to share with any others needing a
boost in their own preparation. Whilst pondering this on the way home I decided
to specifically look at how to make the Great Lent meaningful especially for
those who take it with a touch of “oh, here comes the fast again…” and thus the
title “Making Lent Great Again.”</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Starting with the basics, what exactly is the Great Lent and
why do we partake in it? Lent is the forty-eight-day period leading up to Feast
of the Resurrection. The practice of fasting in preparation for this event is
dated back to the Apostolic Era, where we see the likes of St Irenaeus of Lyon,
St Athanasius the Apostolic and multiple other fathers of the Church write on
the importance of holding a period of fasting to prepare ourselves spiritually
for this event. By fasting we do not just speak of the abstinence from rich food,
sexual contact and other temptations but the reduction of distractions from our
spiritual lives to make way for acts and meditations which will prepare us for
the remembering of Christ’s resurrection. </span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">This distinction between the Orthodox practice of fasting
and simply abstaining from foods is vital, it reminds us that the Great Lent is
a journey in which we take take our full selves out of the busy modern life to
seek the fullness of God once more. as St John Cassian reminds us that bodily
fasting is useless unless accompanied by, “contrition of heart, intense prayer
to God, frequent meditation on the scriptures, toil and manual labour.” Through
these actions, we are given guidance as to how to remain focused on God and not
on worldly distractions.</span></div>
<div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">So what is the purpose of Lent? I have mentioned the
historical reason for it existing and how it is a preparation for the Feast of
the Resurrection but the real purpose of the period needs more examination. Fr
Tadros Malaty explains how the period has a two-fold purpose for the Orthodox
believer; to prepare us to fully experience the joy of the resurrection and to
prepare us with practical repentance and teaching so that we may enter the
feast with complete contrition of heart and understanding of the implications
of the event. As St Paul teaches in his Epistle to the Romans, “</span><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">then we are heirs—heirs of God and co-heirs with Christ, if indeed
we share in his sufferings in order that we may also share in his glory.</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">”
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">With this knowledge, We can now look at how
to prepare ourselves for the fast. Firstly, preparing for Lent does not mean
stacking our fridges with as many ‘meat substitutes’ as possible, as this is
simply a way of trying to cheat at the fast. If your idea of Lent is “Today I
ate Vege-Sausage and margarine mash instead of Sausage and mash, yay me,” then
you have not begun to fast. Preparation for the fast is a matter of spiritual
preparation for the fast as opposed to arming yourself with ways to avoid it
having any impact at all. If you must try out new recipes or adapt then so be
it, just remember that fasting is not about showing off your extravagant new
cooking skills but placing things aside to focus on God.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Practically speaking a good way to start
the journey of the Great Lent is to ensure that you lighten your timetable,
this is difficult in a world where many of us work 12 hour days. Do this by
working out what you should really be putting aside for your prayers in the
first place. Whether this is that excess social engagement, that TV binging
evening or the gaming that you enjoy on a far too regular basis. A practical
development of a prayer rule is a good way to pick up a good habit. Ensure that
you give yourself that hour or so a day with family to pray in the morning and evening,
as well as other times if you can. Also ensure that you have time to read
Scripture to achieve this sense of immersion in the lessons being passed on to
us through this practice. It is appreciated that this is not always going to be
smoothly, but as HH Pope Shenouda III reminds us “we must repair the results of
our sins as much as we can,” we all miss the mark, it is how we respond and in
not giving up that we grow. As lent passes and your praying of the hours and reading
of Scripture becomes more of a natural part of your life you will feel this
impact, as is the aim of the extended fasting period. This will also strengthen
your spiritual life on the daily basis after the fast.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">As well as this, remember that lent is a
time of giving and for rejecting the material distractions of the world to be
reminded of our priorities. Many have suggested practical ways of doing this,
such as giving any excess money you would have used on the things you have on
charitable endeavours or by giving up things to charity during this period such
as old clothes. There are also many ways in which you can be more charitable in
your nature. As lent is a time of prayer you can work to ensure that you pray
for others or spend your excess time assisting those who need it. Charity is
not always a matter of giving physically or financially, the greatest and
sometimes most difficult of chartable acts that are carried out are those that
cost nothing, as they demand us to give emotionally. </span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Finally, lent is a time for repentance. As mentioned
previously, lent is the time in which</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> we aim to prepare ourselves to fully
experience the joy of the resurrection through practical repentance. We have
already looked at three ways to do this; fasting, prayer and charity. Through
our prayers and out focus on rejection of those things which have distracted us
from God and our service of him, we are enabled to see our sins clearly. In
working towards casting these things aside we can develop a better understanding
of our own repentance. The great battle of repentance in the fast is something
that Fr Matta El-Meskeen described as working towards, “an acceptance of the destruction
of self,” through rejection of one’s own wants and desires to focus on God.
Lent, with its emphasis on selflessness, gives us an edge in this battle and
allows for the practical application of these various Lenten practices of
fasting, prayer and charity to see one’s failings and develop ways to counter
them as part of this journey in preparation to announce the resurrection of our
Lord in full joy.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">On this note, I will end this short piece and I hope that it
has given you some ideas as to how you can ‘Make Lent Great Again’. I wish you
all a blessed Lenten period, asking for whoever reads this to pray for me and
my own efforts. I hope that this has been useful in some manner.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Dcn Daniel</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<br /></div>
OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-90595315316012303862016-07-25T13:30:00.003-07:002016-07-25T13:30:53.574-07:00Book Review: Why Can't They Get Along? A Conversation Between a Muslim, a Jew and a Christian By Dawoud El-Alami, Dan Cohn-Sherbok, George D. Chryssides<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/sites/default/files/styles/the_breaking_news_image_style/public/Pictures/web/i/e/u/book_review_why_cant_they_get_along_by_dan_cohn_sherbo_et_al.jpg?itok=Ivv5A079" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/sites/default/files/styles/the_breaking_news_image_style/public/Pictures/web/i/e/u/book_review_why_cant_they_get_along_by_dan_cohn_sherbo_et_al.jpg?itok=Ivv5A079" width="133" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<b>Why Can't They Get Along? A Conversation Between a Muslim, a Jew and a Christian <br />By Dawoud El-Alami, Dan Cohn-Sherbok, George D. Chryssides<br />ISBN: </b><b>074595605X</b><br />
<b>Price: £9.99 (Amazon UK) </b><br /><br />My wife have often scolded me for referring to some theological texts as objectively 'bad,' stating that my opinion on the book is not authoritative and simply an opinion. However, having now read this book I can say that there are some books which are objectively bad and this is one of them.<br /><br />
I picked up 'Why Can't They get Along?' a few weeks ago whilst away at a conference to give me something interesting to read on the train home. The premise of the book was an interesting one, with respected thinkers from the three Abrahamic Faiths giving overviews of their community's positions on certain areas of contention and then having a civilised discussion of the issue. Though ultimately doomed to produce agreement (since acceptance of something contrary is arguably rejection of the others) I felt was it as an interesting book to help me understand how to discuss matters with friends of other faiths and the book certainly makes for an interesting read on Islamic and Jewish approaches to matters of faith.<br /><br />
The text itself is split into four parts which are labelled Teachings, Practices, Ethics and Societal Issues. These themselves are split into four chapters on specifics which are discussed by the three authors. The structure of the writing is that it is introduced by one author from his community and then the other will state theirs, which then leads to the three each having an opportunity to comment on the issues raised. This makes a fair discussion between the authors and allows for them to touch on the issues as well as introducing their position with adequate space.<br /><br />
The discussion concept is however the biggest issue with the book, and there are many issues to discuss. Firstly, the concept of a text designed to allow some form of interfaith dialogue does not work in the way it intended. The book often seems to collapse into off topic attacks on one or two of the authors. This tends to start from an offhand comment by an author, for example bringing the Palestine conflict up when discussing the nature of God, to try and score cheap kicks. Considering that the book is supposed to be an academic text, this is disappointing.<br /><br />
As well as this, the caliber of the Christian discussion is quite simply dire. Having met both Dawoud El-Alami and Dan Cohn-Sherbok whilst studying is South Wales I know them to be reputable scholars of their respected faiths, something they demonstrate in the book by giving faith acknowledgement of the varying positions taken on matters. George Chryssides, on the other hand, does a poor job of representing Christianity and comes off as an extremely liberal and somewhat theologically inept clergyman. <br /><br />
Two examples of this are him being corrected in his Trinitarian Theology when he suggested that the sabellian approach to the trinity is the correct one, amusingly leading to Dan Cohn-Sherbok explaining that Sabellius was anathematised, and also his suggestion that very few Christians see anything in the Bible (including the virgin birth) as more than mythological devices with little regard to the doctrinal positions of communities such as the Orthodox Church or even that of the Creed, in which it is made clear that it is anathema to oppose that Christ was born of a Virgin. Both of these demonstrate either an unbearably liberal approach to the faith (where doctrinal positions are non-existent) or a very poor understanding of these matters and make the book almost unreadable to anyone who takes the Christian faith serious. <br /><br />
On a positive note, the book gives some amazing insight into the life and faith of Islam and Judaism and the conflicts that exist within these communities on matters of belief and practice. Put simply, the book would be marvellous if it were called 'Why Can't They Get Along? A Conversation Between a Muslim and a Jew' and the Christianity section was simply cut out. Both Dawoud El-Alami and Dan Cohn-Sherbok equally sell the premise of the book and do not pull punches when getting into controversial topics such as views on historical genocides, apostasy and the Israel-Palestine conflict.<br />
<br />
For the reasons covered above, I would sadly not recommend this book to anyone unless they simply wanted to know more about Judaism and Islam. As someone that enjoys Theological texts (and reviewing them) I almost refused to finish this book due to the awfully misrepresented character and theology of Christianity portrayed in the book. I would go as far as to recommend it be renamed ‘Why Can't They Get Along? A Muslim and a Jew demonstrate why Christians need to learn Theology before they open their mouths about it. ’ Because of this, I found the book dishonest and lacking in any theological discussion of value to the Christian so there is no way I could recommend it to others who seek a genuine text of this nature. </div>
OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-7250400054284108012016-07-06T14:43:00.001-07:002016-07-06T14:50:07.597-07:00Book Review: Spiritual Dimensions of the Holy Canons By Dr Lewis Patsavos<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/41TsYP9U-5L.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/41TsYP9U-5L.jpg" width="206" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Spiritual Dimensions of the Holy Canons<br />
By Dr Lewis Patsavos<br />
ISBN: 1885652682<br />
$12.00 (SVS Press)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This book was the second of the ‘Birthday Surprise’ texts I received
this year from my dear wife and it was a great thing to receive considering
that it is a book I have been seeking to read for quite a while now. Following
my dissertation, I have felt that I have missed out on Canonology reading and
am struggling with the lack of academically respectable texts on the subject
available so when I saw Dr. Patsavos’ book mentioned on a few sites I tried to
pick up a copy and yet this always evaded me. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The book itself is a short introduction to the role of the
canons in the life of the Church. Unlike many other respected Canonology texts
it does not seek to do this through giving specific examples of situations but
through a detailed study of ecclesiology and mission linking the topics to the
Canons and demonstrating the vital role of these Canons in these important
aspects in the life of the Orthodox Church. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The book starts as expected with an explanation of the role
of the Canons in the Church today and the history of the canonical tradition in
the Orthodox church. It does this through looking at the different stages of
the development of this tradition and at times making comparison to other
concepts of legal tradition such as secular law and Roman Catholic Canon Law.
Follow this, it addresses the role of the canons in the life of the Church,
especially looking into the role of the canons in the order of the church and
the question of their flexibility (A topic I have covered before in articles.)
Following this, it addresses a number of issues with regards to the canons such
as how the canons can be used to address pastoral issues in the Church and
their correct application. The text finishes with a directory of canons and the
topics under which they fall.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As a book I will state that this is the best short
introduction to Orthodox canonology that I have read. Rodopoulos’ vital text book
on the matter is practical and respected as an academic text though as a guide
to the canons from a pastoral perspective this text is more beneficial. The
text using ecclesiology and the spiritual life of the Church as the basis for
its discussion on the canons gives it a vitality and relevance to the reader
that the more traditional academic canonology texts lack. As well as this,
Patsavos’ discussion of issues in canonology is reminiscent of Fr John Erikson’s
writing on the topic, again giving it a relevance beyond a simple explanatory
text. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
With regards to the weakness, I feel that the text’s length
is problematic. In the book Patsavos states how in the next edition he will go
into some topics in more detail, such as the pastoral issues. The fact that
this second edition has not emerged makes the reader feel that he is only being
given half the story. In matters of canonology a certainty in application is
needed so to be told when studying the matter that it will ‘be continued’ takes
away from the benefits of the text. Regardless, the areas explained are done so
in such a manner that this is not damning.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Overall, Patsavos’ book is a great edition to a growing
canon (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">no</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pun intended</i>) of texts for anyone interested in the study of
Orthodox canonology and its application in the Church. It provides a well
explained overview of the subject with some clearly employed example and avoids
over-legalism or preference towards a single school of canonology in his
analysis. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I would certainly recommend it
to anyone with a love of the topic or seeking a nice and unintimidating way to
enter into its study.</div>
</div>
OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-62270799003578757892016-07-05T12:35:00.000-07:002016-07-05T12:35:01.716-07:00Book Review: Canon Law as Ministry: Freedom and Good Order for the Church By James Coriden<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://www.paulistpress.com/Handlers/ResizeImageHandler.ashx?ImageUrl=~%2FContent%2FSite140%2FProductImages%2F3-208-9.jpg&Width=225" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.paulistpress.com/Handlers/ResizeImageHandler.ashx?ImageUrl=~%2FContent%2FSite140%2FProductImages%2F3-208-9.jpg&Width=225" height="320" width="203" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Canon Law as Ministry: Freedom and Good Order for the Church<br />
By James Coriden<br />
ISBN: 0809139782<br />
£9.00 (St Philip’s Books)</div>
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As something on a Canon Law enthusiast I decided to spend my
birthday gift voucher exploring the western tradition of Catholic Canon Law and
was advised by a friend of similar interests to pick up some works by James
Coriden, a much respected Catholic Canonist. This led me to pick up the text
and start some exploration into this section of canon studies. A quick note on
this text, it is designed for the Canonist and not for a general introduction
to Canon Law in the Catholic Church so in my final paragraph, I will not be
recommending it for general reading. This is not a criticism of the book, just
a quick point before people who read this review start saying how they will add
it to their reading list.</div>
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From the start, Canon Law as ministry sets outs its aim
clearly. It is written with the purpose of saving the reputation of the
canonist from the wave of infamy which has engulfed canonology since Vatican
II. Coriden makes it clear that he feels that Canonists have been given a bad
reputation since the Catholic Church’s shift in emphasis at the Council from
the more tradition concept of Christian morality to the somewhat vague
conscience based system. Coriden states his concern that this has led to Canon
law becoming seen as an outdated and archaic practice and the text gives a
clear outline to the canonist as to how the concept of Canonology is still a
vital part in the Catholic Church today.</div>
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Now I am by no means an expert on Catholic Canonology though
with my academic research area being Orthodox Canonology I felt the text was a
good place to start to gain an understanding of Western Canonology since it is
designed to put the area into a modern context and it does this very well with
clear links made to both local issues in the parish and wider issues which
encompass the entire Catholic Church. The book starts by giving an analysis of
the current debate over Canon Law. This section was fascinating since it sets
out the different schools of Canon Law clearly and explains their development
well. This struck a chord with me as in the Orthodox community there are also
various different schools of canonology and it was interesting to see how many
of the Catholic approaches tend to fit well with some of the Orthodox ones and
how the Codification of Canon Law in the west has led to the development of a
wider variety of schools of Canon Law.</div>
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Following this, Coriden gives a historical and theological
overview of Canon Law. This section was one which I found quite disappointing
since it only covered the Canons from the Biblical perspective of law and their
codification, almost deliberately missing out the centuries of the use of the
Canons as guidance as opposed to a codified legal system. This is of no
consequence to the message of the text though, as it moves on to analyse the
role of Canon Law in the Catholic Church today, especially its role as granting
assistance in dealing with issues of freedom and also in promoting good order
in the Church. The book finishes with an explanation of the place of the
Canonist as a minister and Canon Law itself as the ministry of the Canonist,
again setting out the emphasis of the remaining vital place of Canon Law in the
Church.</div>
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The main strength of the book comes from Coriden’s writing.
You can see that he is a firm believer in the vital place of Canon Law in the
Church and this comes across in his style. From Coriden’s use of his local
parish Church to demonstrate the practical benefits of correct canonology for
the people to his grand scale dream of the vindication of the canonist, the
text is most certainly a heartfelt pledge for understanding. In the same way he
refers to the documents of Vatican II constantly to evidence his message of the
relevance of canonology. </div>
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On the other hand, Coriden’s conciliatory approach to the
topic seems to undermine the message. In this the text Coriden seems to
willingly accept the watering down of Canonology at times and spends much time
emphasising the conscience as a supreme moral guide. Though I appreciate this
point as sensible, especially in the modern Catholic Church, it seems to
backstep when the point of the book is to demonstrate that the Code of Canon Law
can still be applied in a meaningful way when the claim is followed by the clause
of it being ultimately up to the individual. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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Overall, I found the text to be an interesting introduction
to the issues surrounding Canon Law in the Catholic Church, especially when
many of these issues are not found amongst the uncodified concept of canonology
in the East. Coriden raises many issues in the text which remind us of the
importance of the Canons as a form of ‘measure’ of the faith and as guidance and
is able to give some beautifully well thought out defences of the art of
Canonology in an age of relativity and moral personalism. </div>
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I would recommend the book to students of Canon Law, especially those
living in the West or looking into the struggles between Canonology and modernity. As previously mentioned I do not feel that it would
be an appropriate text as an introduction to the canons or for someone curious
on the matter without proper understanding of the subject. This is not a criticism of the text, since it does not set out
to introduce to the topic, however Coriden’s aim is to speak to the Canonists
of this generation and therefore as a text it is certainly to be left to the
Canonist as intended.</div>
</div>
OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-67766965415568375152016-06-15T12:39:00.001-07:002016-06-15T12:39:24.148-07:00Book Review: Christianity in the Land of the Pharaohs by Jill Kamil<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Christianity in the Land of the Pharaohs</div>
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By Jill Kamil</div>
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ISBN:</div>
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RRP: £34.99</div>
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Jill Kamil’s “Christianity in the land of the Land of the
Pharaohs is a book I picked up last year on a visit to the AUC in Cairo. Having
finally gotten the chance to read it through, I found it a very interesting
book and a change from the usual texts on Coptology and Egyptian History due to
its change in focus from the Church and its teachings to the people of Egypt
themselves. As a text on the history of the Coptic Orthodox Church it avoids
any of the traditional trappings of selling itself as an apologetic for the
Church and looks at the links between Egyptian Culture and the Church’s
development. This is both quite refreshing and somewhat frustrating for the
reader.</div>
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The book is structured in a way that gives the history from
the visit of the Holy Family to the modern times. The Chapters consist on
various historical instances, such as the rise of monasticism, the legalisation
of Christianity, the Chalcedonian Council, Roman Persecution and the rise of
Islam. These all allow for the book to flow in a way that creates a clear narrative,
however this is sometimes confused by tangents from the author which can at
times disjoint the flow of the text. The book ends with a look into the future
of the text, in which the author praises the conversation of Icons in
monasteries and the revival of this practice, demonstrating the preservation of
many of the aspects covered in the book today.</div>
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In a way, this book is a breath of fresh air, since it takes
a very novel approach to the history of the church. It does this by avoiding
dwelling on any of the traditional Theological aspects which many would fawn
over it looks at the Church as the Christian people of Egypt. In the same way,
it has a brilliant analysis of Egyptian monasticism as a phenomenon within the
cultural scape of Egypt. This allows the book to sell itself as a purely
historical endeavour, making this clear from the start when it makes a
historical link between the worship of Isis in the Middle-Kingdom and the
strong veneration of the Virgin Mary. This is a rare and often side-lined
focus, though in the case of this text it marks as a marker for the way in
which the book will flow into a demonstration of the development of an
‘Egyptian Style’ of Christianity. </div>
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In the same way, the nationalistic tendencies of the text
are also its downfall. Rather than the book being a history of the development
of Orthodox Christianity in Egypt it retains far too prominent a focus on the
Egyptian cultural element as opposed to the Church itself. This can often be a
frustration to the reader, as it forces them to endure a 5 page link to pagan
practices in pre-Christian Egypt followed by an explanation of how the Christian
idea is superimposed onto this. I feel that, when reading from a Christian
stance, it damages the book as a text on the history of the Church as it almost
implies that the cultural element is more important than the Church itself.</div>
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So, would I recommend this book? Yes, to some extent. I
would certainly recommend it to anyone interested in a cultural history of
Egypt and understanding the influence of its ancient past on the development of
Coptic Civilisation. In the same way, I would advise it to anyone interested in
the development of Coptic culture and the Church as a ‘national church.’ On the
other hand, I would not advise the book for someone looking into the
development of the Church from an Orthodox perspective, though I feel that this
is not what the book was designed for. Overall, a good and interesting Cultural
history book, though not for someone seeking a text on the Church itself.</div>
</div>
OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-82504840179144050042016-03-26T14:36:00.003-07:002016-03-26T14:36:56.961-07:00Book Review: Christianity for the Twenty-First Century: The Life and Work of Alexander Men<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41ZneEy9VLL._SX298_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41ZneEy9VLL._SX298_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" height="200" width="120" /></a></div>
<div class="yiv1873261275p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="yiv1873261275p1">
<span class="yiv1873261275s1"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Christianity for the Twenty-First Century:
The Life and Work of Alexander Men</span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
<span class="yiv1873261275s1">Edited By Edith Roberts and Ann Shukman<br />
SCM Press Limited, 1996</span><br />
<span class="yiv1873261275s1">ISBN: 033402613</span><br />
<span class="yiv1873261275s1">Price: £12.95</span></span></div>
<div class="yiv1873261275p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="yiv1873261275p1">
<span class="yiv1873261275s1"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">During the early part of my journey to
Orthodoxy when I have struggled to reconcile my faith with my wider life, two
great modern thinkers that have helped me through their works are Metropolitan
Anthony Bloom and Fr Alexander Men. Both have a way of explaining issues in a
way that resonates with the western mind, especially with those versed in the
writings of modern French and German philosophers. Though the works of
Metropolitan Anthony seem to appear on bookshelves across the world there is
little available in the English language by Fr Alexander. It was therefore a
great blessing to discover this small collection of his articles, talks and
essays in a London bookstore only a few days before the start of lent.</span></span></div>
<div class="yiv1873261275p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="yiv1873261275p1">
<span class="yiv1873261275s1"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The text is split into three sections, one on
Christianity in general, another on Russian Christianity and the third giving a
summary of where Christianity was seen to be heading at the time. This
structure allows the reader to see the overview of the problems facing
Christians in the modern world, along with the specific example from Fr
Alexander’s context as well as the solutions and ideas put forward by Fr
Alexander as a way of dealing with the problems and ending with the talk which
Fr Alexander gave on the night before his death. As well as this structure
providing a useful narrative to the collection, it also serves as a way to
understand the ideas and thoughts of Fr Alexander better, letting us see the
world which he faced during his life and to see how he wished to help those
struggling in this. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv1873261275p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="yiv1873261275p1">
<span class="yiv1873261275s1"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The first section’s articles speak much on Fr
Alexander’s views regarding issues such as suffering an state Churches. Fr
Alexander was seen as a controversial figure by many due to these positions,
with many accusing him of extreme ecumenism and others speaking out against his
opposition to state churches. The articles in this first section provide a
fascinating insight into the arguments he put forward with regards to this. The
second of these looks at the specific situation in Russia following
Perestroika. In these interviews and articles we see Fr Alexander addressing
the struggle of returning to spirituality and the ‘problem of choice’ faced by
many Russians. These demonstrate the challenges that Russia in regaining its
identity after the fall of the Soviet Union and Fr Alexander’s willingness to
work to address this. The third section provides a summary of the vision for
the future and contains the talk which gives the book its name. These give an
idea of what Fr Alexander saw as the solution to the aforementioned problems.</span></span></div>
<div class="yiv1873261275p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="yiv1873261275p1">
<span class="yiv1873261275s1"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As mentioned previously, I see the books
structure as one of its biggest strengths. It gives us a good overview of Fr
Alexander’s life and works in a meaningful way. As well as this, I would say
that the book’s other key strength comes from the content itself. Fr Alexander
Men was an extremely thoughtful and prevalent writer during his life, and
though I am reviewing this specific collection it is important to really point
out that the writings themselves are extremely well thought out. Fr Alexander’s
use of western Philosophical writings to express ideas and his love for the
Eastern Mystical tradition both shine through in these works, giving us a real
insight into how much of an important figure Fr Alexander was. The choice made
in the writings allows this to come through with the context of early nineteen-nineties
Russia giving them their setting.</span></span></div>
<div class="yiv1873261275p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="yiv1873261275p1">
<span class="yiv1873261275s1"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Unfortunately, this focus on the context can
also be seen as the weakness of the text. Fr Alexander wrote close to ten books
on Christian thought in Russia, as well as various theological texts covering
exegesis and Christology. The book’s preoccupation with Fr Alexander’s more
political writings gives the image of a man whose only real focus was on this
situation and plays Fr Alexander as more of a political figure than he really
was, this is not helped by the ominous red figured cover, which again paints Fr
Alexander in this light. The writer explains in the introduction that a
complete summary of Fr Alexander’s work is “a task for another time” but still
suggests that the selection is a broad one which is a claim I disagree
with.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I feel that more of an
introduction to Fr Alexander as an Orthodox thinker would be needed for the
text to really give a feel for his prominence in this field.</span></span></div>
<div class="yiv1873261275p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="yiv1873261275p1">
<span class="yiv1873261275s1"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Overall, the book was a good one to start the
Lenten fast. It served to remind me that in a world where many call themselves
Christian for a national or political identity we should look more at ourselves
and see that our lives are spent in a prayerful search for the true meaning of
this identity and that we should not take half measures or rely on some kind of
national tribalism to make our way easy as it should never be an easy path to
live. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-66315408841098786452016-03-24T13:15:00.000-07:002016-03-24T13:15:07.817-07:00Book Review: "When Buddhists attack: The Curious Relationship between Zen and the Martial Arts" By Dr. Jeffery K Mann<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51--WHRfCDL._SY344_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51--WHRfCDL._SY344_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" height="320" width="213" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">"When Buddhists attack: The Curious Relationship between Zen and the Martial Arts"<br />
By Dr. Jeffery K Mann<br />
ISBN: 9784805312308<br />
Price: £14.99 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In case it isn't very obvious, this book is slightly different to my usual
review material. I am neither involved in Zen Buddhism or academically involved
in the study of Buddhism apart from previously teaching it as part of the A
Level Religious Studies course. I picked this book up a curiosity, being a student of Aikido I found myself wanting to
understand how the traditional link between the study of martial arts and
Zen Buddhism works when most forms of Buddhism are traditionally supportive of Pacifism, or at
least non-violent resolution. What I found was a fascinating read which looks
at the topic both historically and theologically.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">As mentioned, I am not well versed in the diversity of the buddhist
community and so cannot review this book in the same manner as books looking at
Christianity, I can however comment on the nature fo the text and its contents.
The book is written as an academic piece, something that the writer himself
emphasises in the text when he addresses the romanticisation of Buddhism and
especially the Samurai of Japan. This gives the reader a sense of respect for
the text and an understanding fo the challenge of writing an academically fair
assessment of a topic which has been sold as ‘mystic gibberish' on the
market<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in many ways.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The structure of When Buddhists Attack' is a traditional one of introducing
the history of the topic and following on to delve into specific themes which
have been mentioned. The book starts by discussing the life of the Buddha, the
development of various strands of Buddhism and the introduction of Buddhism
into Japan. It then goes on to tackle the praxis and ethics of Japanese
Buddhism in the context of medieval Japan and especially the Tokugawa
Shogunate, when the Martial Arts began to take on a more religious aspect than
a purely practical one. Dr Mann finishes by investigating the modern situation
in Budo and asking whether such things as Olympic Budo and modern Budo practice
without the explicit links to Zen are still expressions of Zen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A key strength of the book comes from its academic nature. As previously
mention, the author outright states that most discussions of this are romanticized
and therefore do not tackle the question itself. As well as this, the vastness
of the study is impressive. Dr Mann introduces various forms of Japanese
Buddhism to the reader and explains their development and history in the
region, backing up key points of opinion and reference with evidence from
scholars. In this way, it is a triumph of academic writing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Though I do not see any clear criticism of the book, I feel that the
subject of contemporary budo could have done with more content. The analysis of
the topic made by the author is sufficient for the text, however it leaves the
reader wanting to understand this development more. Regardless of this, the
overall book suffers from nothing that I feel would warrant any real criticism,
though as a layman of this subject I cannot comment from any position of
academic authority.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Overall, When Buddhists Attack is a fascinating study into the somewhat
contradictory world of Traditional Martial Arts. The book is written in such a
manner than someone who have only looked into the topic in the thinnest terms
can come to terms with the subject in a deeper way and the clearly academic
style of the writing shows a professionalism in the author that goes beyond
most western writers on the subject. I would definitely recommend it to anyone
interested in the subject, whether new to it or a seasoned Budoka. </span></div>
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OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-73084099999373287862016-02-07T13:33:00.000-08:002016-02-07T13:33:00.296-08:00Book Review: Touching Heaven: Discovering Orthodox Christianity on the Island of Valaam by John Oliver<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="http://cdn2.bigcommerce.com/server4300/p1cqiyfg/products/53/images/51/006181__26437.1308025915.500.659.gif?c=2" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://cdn2.bigcommerce.com/server4300/p1cqiyfg/products/53/images/51/006181__26437.1308025915.500.659.gif?c=2" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Touching Heaven: Discovering Orthodox Christianity on the Island of
Valaam<br />
By John Oliver<br />
ISBN: 1888212659<br />
Price: £9.83 (Amazon UK)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Touching Heaven was the second of my Christmas Holidays 'Theology Light'
purchases, the purpose of these being to pick up and read through some of the
more personalised Orthodox texts as a way of stepping out of academic theology
works which dominate both my professional and personal life most of the time.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Touching Heaven is the story of the author's search for meaning in life,
eventually leading him to discover the Orthodox Faith and join a pilgrimage to
Valaam Monastery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The book itself is
split into seventeen chapters, which can be split into three sections which
cover the author's journey Orthodoxy, their experience in the monastery and the
implementation of the lessons learnt in their daily life. The book as a whole
gives a very personal feel to the experience of the monastery as well as introducing
a group of characters who we can relate to in our daily lives, allowing us to
understand the struggles experienced in the life at the monastery and in the
daily existence of the author.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The aforementioned structure in the book allows it to be easily digestible
and readable in a short period of time. As well as this, the clever narrative
and writing style allows the author to express both a personal spiritual
journey and some important lessons in Orthodox living without focusing on a
single part of the story or single moral point for too long. The writing style
also allows the narrative to be broken up to include jumps to other story
points (usually monastery flashbacks) without interrupting the flow. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Although the
strength of the book as a narrative comes from its clever interplay between
moral message and personal journey, the main draw of the book comes from its
personalised take on the dilemmas faced by the author during his time at the
monastery and in bringing the lessons he learnt there into his daily life. As
someone that has been through this struggle, I feel that it is a challenge that
faces all Orthodox Christians living secular lives which do not easily
interplay with the spiritual requirements and discipline of the Orthodox life.
The author’s personal anecdotes and experience in dealing with this can come as
a reassurance and blessing to anyone new to Orthodoxy or trying to make more
time for their faith in an age of 24/7 obligation. This simple and personal
approach to the struggles faced can be a source of great strength to anyone reading
the book as a way to seek answers to discovering Orthodoxy in the modern world.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">The simple and
personal approach to the issues can also be seen as the book’s weakness for
some readers. Due to the book spending much time on how the author personally
struggled with various issues of faith, it often addresses these issues and
prioritises them based on the author’s personal challenges, missing many issues
which others may face. An example is that the author does not seem to have any
struggle with understanding key aspects of the faith, instead accepting
Orthodox Christianity on merit due to his previous understanding and experience
in Christianity. The book is mainly focused on monastic values and the lessons
which can be learnt for the laity from the monastic life, it therefore puts
priority on the inner struggle with the lifestyle over those which may be faced
by people experiencing Christianity for the first time. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Overall, I highly
enjoyed the book and the somewhat unique way of looking at these issues through
the eyes of a recent pilgrim. The book also allowed for a number of interesting
anecdotes to provide wisdom from the Islands of Valaam, which are very handy to
dwell upon when dealing with the struggles of the faith in daily life. It was a
good read and would be of interest for anyone wishing to make more of their
Orthodox Faith in their daily life, though the amount you get out of it will be based on what aspects you are seeking to develop.</span></div>
</div>
OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-79448374746660802952016-01-19T14:04:00.000-08:002016-01-19T14:04:29.857-08:00Book Review: ‘Encountering the Mystery: Understanding Orthodox Christianity Today’ By His All-Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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‘Encountering the Mystery: Understanding Orthodox
Christianity Today’ <br />
By His All-Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople.<br />
ISBN: 9780385518130<br />
Price: £12.50 (Amazon UK)<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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People often say that a New Year requires a new perspective,
new goal or new beginning to life. I do not prescribe to that idea in any
formal way but it is always a blessing to have your eyes opened to a new
approach or perspective on matters you have studied for years, especially when
you realise that some complex explanations can in fact be so simple that you
missed the core all along. This is pretty much the impact that this book has
had, it has not drawn any significant new information for me but has demonstrated
the simplicity and beauty of the Orthodox Faith in a way that other
introductory texts never got close to.</div>
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The book, by HAH Bartholomew, is a brilliantly personalised
introduction to the Orthodox Faith which covers many aspects of Orthodoxy
alongside their importance and role in the modern world. The main aspects of
the text cover the Topics of History, Iconology & Liturgy, Theology, Monasticism,
Sacraments, Iconology, Freedom and Justice. The first five of these focus on
major factors of the Orthodox faith and allowing the reader a basis in which to
tackle the modern moral issues raised in the other four (as well as the epilogue.)
This way it provides both an introduction to the faith and allows the reader to
understand its relevance in addressing modern issues, giving a basis for
developing the faith within the modern world. Though this focus on ‘Orthodox
living’ means there is no deep coverage of such matters as Christology and
other such aspects, I feel that this does not take away from the book as a whole
with regards to its use as an introductory text.</div>
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Due to this structure, I find the book unique amongst introductory
texts which, when speaking in terms of history and the modern world, usually
tend to focus on the History of the Church followed by some small chapter on
the Church today rather than starting with a few pages on History and then
expressing Orthodox approaches to the modern world. This makes the book
extremely readable as a personal account on these issues by H.A.H rather than a
generic ‘This is where we come from and this is what we believe’ introduction
to Orthodox Christianity. </div>
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This personal aspect is also one of the draws of the more
doctrinal explanations of the book, with H.A.H ending many explanations of
theological concepts with a short anecdote or personal note from his own life
such as comments regarding his fondness of his personal chapel and liturgies in
the smaller Churches in the Patriarchal Complex. This can allow the reader to
develop a further appreciation for the beauty of the Orthodox Faith and the important
impact of these key factors of the Faith on the life of the individual as
opposed to simply having ideas explained to them. </div>
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Though I have listed a number of strengths of the book, I
would have to say that the simplicity of the writing is its biggest draw. As
someone who has studied theology academically for over a dozen years and taught
it for the past five, it is always an awkward moment to realise that the concept
that you spent 20 minutes explaining to a group of 16 year olds only a few
weeks ago can be outlined in the most beautiful language in less than a page.
In this way, the book is accessible to people of all levels of understanding
and makes a great introductory text for those with little grasp of technical
language or little intention to study the more in depth points of theology. To
put it simply, it is a book written from experience of living the faith which
is a viewpoint missed by many in a world of bitesize Theology websites and
podcasts. </div>
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Alhough the book is a great introduction to living the
Orthodox Faith, the one issue that I would raise is based on the book’s suggestions
to some of the issues it raises, an example of this being in the Ecology
section. H.A.H is commonly referred to as ‘The Green Patriarch’ for his
admirable approach to environmentalism, though the book seems to play out his
respect for the environment in a more idealistic way than other texts. This
approach also enters into some of the other sections and though this provides some
insight into the spiritual aspects of all areas of life it can seem
overbearing when reading it from the position of the layman.</div>
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Overall I would certainly recommend the text to anyone
beginning to take an interest in Orthodoxy, and it may well replace HE
Metropolitan Kallistos’ text as my first choice for a number of new enquirers,
however the text also provides a refreshing approach to living the Faith for
other Orthodox readers and is certainly a healthy addition to my bookshelf.</div>
</div>
OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-43645112998228382772016-01-02T03:02:00.004-08:002016-01-02T03:02:53.450-08:00Book Review: "Islam and the Future of Tolerance" by Sam Harris and Maajid Nawaz<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41T0TOR8v5L._SX329_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41T0TOR8v5L._SX329_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" height="320" width="212" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">"Islam and the Future of Tolerance" by Sam Harris and Maajid
Nawaz<br />
Harvard University press (2015)<br />
ISBN: 9780674088702<br />
Price: £9.77 (Amazon UK)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">I picked up this book after watching a number of debates in this matter by
both writers. With a keen interest in both current affairs and Islamic Theology
and Exegesis, I decided to give the book a read, not having any real
presumptions as to the depth of content. On this matter, I was presently
surprised, with the book portraying a fair and balanced discussion of the
question of the links between exegesis and faith, as well as the social issues.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The book itself is a short read, at 128 pages, and can be easily read over
a few days. It is formatted as a dialogue between the two thinkers, with Sam
Harris often portraying the student and stating the issues, with Maajid Nawaz
filling in the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>details from the Islamic perspective,
followed up by Sam Harris' response of 'I agree but..." to move the
conversation on. In some areas it is split into sections, however this is only
where there is a significant shift in the conversation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The topics discussed in the book mainly focus on the question of how to
tackle Islamic extremism and its source. it starts this by looking at the
problem of identifying the exact issue, doing this by clarifying the names of
the different forms of extremism faced <i>(Specifically the difference between
types of Islamism and Jihadism)</i> and illustrating the difficulties caused by
misattributing thinkers and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>events to a
different school of thought. The discussion then moves on the failure to tackle
the problem in the west and how this is exacerbated by the ‘regressive left’
and rise of the far right across Europe. This finishes on the more
controversial question on whether this strain of thought is inherent in Islam,
to which there is a fascinating discussion of schools of Exegesis and the
variety of thought in medieval Islam, along with some harsh condemnations of
the illusory ‘Islamic Utopia’ sold to us by many modern popular historians. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Some of the key
points I enjoyed about the book were the honesty, the candid nature of the
discussion and the fact that it opened up a topic for discussion which is shied
away from by many for fear of being branded as a bigot or islamophobe. The
early discussion on the issue of the ‘Liberal Betrayal’ opened the book up for
this honest discussion of the topic in a way which is rarely seen, something which
is not possible in many academic texts, which demonstrates an advantage of the format
and the open-mindedness of Nawaz with regards to his willingness to critique
the ideas rather than attack a strawman. As well as this, the discussion of the
exegetical schools and Nawaz’s readable yet sufficiently academic explanations
of such concepts as Taqqiyah allowed for the reader not to be drawn into any of
the traditional polemical ideas which we see on the side for the far right. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">In the same way,
Sam Harris’ role as the skeptic worked well in the text, an example of this
being his assault on the mythical ‘Utopia’ view of the Ottoman Empire. This
position allowed for the more balanced approach, instead of the book becoming
the ‘Maajid Nawaz show,’ with some very frank statements on attempts to put the
concept islamic extremism down to purely political grievance allowing the book
to tackle the issue of islamic Extremism straight and in a way which maintains
the interest of the readers, many of whom would have picked this book up with
the intention of seeking a fair discussion of the question of the link between Islam
and Extremism.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">The format, as
well as being what stabilizes the book, is also the cause of my one criticism.
Due to the conversational format of the text it is prone to the occasional
glossed over and unclarified statement, in some cases leading to factual error.
One of these points which caught my attention was Nawaz’s claim comment on the
Council of Nicaea being the point at which Rome accepted Christianity. This
point is clearly a factual error, but due to the book being in a dialogue, the
point is one simply glanced over as an example of ‘Dominant Doctrines’ and
their power rather than clarified or linked to another point. The happens on a
few occasions in the book and at times can hit the reader with a reminder that
the book is not a piece on religious thought specifically but a dialogue
between two academics discussing a socio-political issue developing in the
realm of religion. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">So would I
recommend the book? Yes. It is a very good short read into this complex and
often misappropriated topic of Islam and Extremism, and sufficiently covers and
clarifies the more complex points of it to make the reader satisfied that the
text delivers on its promise of a reasonable and fair dialogue which does not
avoid controversy or sell itself as a polemic. Overall, an excellent starting
point for some truthful and honest discussion on a matter which is avoided far
too often.</span></div>
</div>
OrthodoxBrithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17723553640229279193noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4145201802727710853.post-59468675836224940912015-08-16T12:45:00.002-07:002015-08-16T12:45:49.704-07:00On Theological Discussion - A Reflective Commentary on St Gregory the Theologian’s 27th Oration (Part 2)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><u><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">On Theological Discussion - A Reflective Commentary on St Gregory the Theologian’s 27th Oration (Part 2)</span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">By Deacon Daniel Malyon</span></u></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> (Part 1 of this commentary is found <a href="http://orthodoxbrit.blogspot.co.uk/2015/08/on-theological-discussion-reflective.html">HERE</a>)</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Following the explanation of why external influences should
be removed from our discourse in the previous section, St Gregory examines the inner life of the
Theologian and the internal factors that should be considered before we are
ready to engage in such discourse in order that we may <b>“Smooth the
Theologian within us, like a statue, into beauty,” </b>the first of which is
the examination of our motive in the discussion. Motive in an important
examination as any discussion for the sake of self-gain or malice would profane
the words from our tongue and present “<b>greater violence than is pleasing to
The Word.” </b>Therefore, before we see ourselves as worthy to discuss the
faith<b> </b>St Gregory suggests in this that we ask of ourselves <b>“Do we
commend hospitality? Do we admire brotherly love, wifely affection, virginity,
feeding the poor, singing Psalms, night-time vigils, penitence?” </b>along with
many other qualities such as fasting, prayer, self-examination, mastery over
passions, and a good temper. This is a reminder that we may speak out of pride
or claim a superiority when it is a clear fact that none of us are worthy of
God’s mercy or to speak a word in his name. This message is emphasized in the
interaction that follows through the use of the Dialectical (conversational)
style during the eighth Section.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Following this comes the analysis of motive, on the
presumption that the Theologian has achieved a moral and spiritual life which
has allowed them to have <b>“looked upon things which cannot be seen” </b>and
become like <b>“A second Elijah”</b> or <b>“A second Moses, judged worthy to
see God.” </b>This begins with a quick witted question that if you have
attained this level of Holiness, why you would prepare people into a state of
Holiness if your only intention is to use them as a <b>“council of ignorant
intellectuals,” </b>with the purpose of using them to entangle others in a way
that would <b>“Stir a Wasps nest against the faith,” </b>by which he refers to
the idea of teaching others to argue with others of the faith to seek a sense
of self-righteousness. Of course this is again not referring to all Theological
discussion but this idea of <b>“Itchy tongues”</b> seeking to argue for the
purpose of argument, regardless of their own personal level of Holiness as
though they <b>“cannot hold back words that, once conceived, must be
delivered.”</b> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">This leads us to his last point on what points can be
discussed. St Gregory here makes it clear that the main target for Christian
apologetics at his time was the Hellenic Philosophers, which writers such as
Theophilus of Alexandria and others in the century prior wrote great apologetic
pieces. St Gregory lists the likes of Pythagoras’ Orphism, Plato’s Cycle of
Souls or Epicurus’ Atheism as common Christian targets of his time. He follows
this with the advice to “<b>Attack the void</b>” in such discussions, the void
being <b>“the mumbo-jumbo of gods and sacrifices, idols, demons beneficent or
malignant, of soothsaying, summoning of the gods or the spirits of the dead and
of the influences of the stars.”</b> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Though this may seem to be a way of saying not to discuss
Christianity, he also provides topics within Christianity which are ‘fit’ for
discussion such as <b>“the Universe- Or universes, about matter the soul, about
Natures (Good and Evil), rewards and punishments or about the sufferings of
Christ.” </b>St Gregory gives his reasons for these being allowable for
discussion as the fact that with these <b>“to hit the mark is not useless, to
miss it is not dangerous.” </b>Meaning that these are not issues which at the
time there were specific Church doctrines on and therefore their speculation is
acceptable in discussion. This again, when combined with Gregory’s
understanding of what makes an acceptable time to discuss these matters shows
that St Gregory had no major problem with discussion of such matters but the
impact on the faith and the person’s spiritual life. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Regardless of this, St Gregory does hold a view of one
topic which is above all discussion, this is God. He explains this by saying <b>“Of
God himself the knowledge we shall have in this life will be little, though
soon after it will perhaps be more perfect, in the same Jesus Christ our Lord,
to whom be glory for ever and ever.” </b>Here we again see this view that
discussion of God and his Nature is not up for debate, as these are aspects
which are unknowable in essence, have great impact and can lead to the
development of heretical and Profane Doctrines. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">So what can we learn from this text in our own spiritual
lives, especially with regards to those who indulge in theological discussion
and debate on modern media platforms. From St Gregory’s Oration we can see that
there are various rules and examinations which we should concern ourselves with
before we engage in any form of discussion on the faith which concern both the
external and internal context of the discussion. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">In terms of the outer contexts, St Gregory sees it as
important that we must ask ourselves whether the discussion is in the correct
settling and to an audience to whom the topic is proper and beneficial. This
does not mean that we judge this by our own personal standard but that we
respect the setting. Believing that the man next to me on a bus needs to know
about the unknowability of God does not make the discussion proper, as it would
not benefit him or make the timing or place of the discussion proper to the
Glory of God. I do not know what his views or level of knowledge are, whether
he has any concept of God or even whether he has any interest, so it is not
right to engage him in such a discussion especially if it will only give a
fraction of understanding. Therefore one should ask where and when they should
engage in such discussions before beginning them, so as not to present the
faith as any less than it is. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Secondly comes the more complex inner examination. One
should ask whether they are really fit to discuss the faith and their own
motive in the discussion. In questioning our fitness to discuss the mystery of
the faith<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>we must ask whether our own
spiritual life is at a point where our presentation of the faith can do it
justice as well as our knowledge of the subject. This is because wisdom in the
mystery of the faith is not as with any academic science but comes from
engagement in the Doxa and Praxis of the faith which are inseparable by their
nature. If I were to approach such topics without true understanding of them I
would end up presenting them as another idea in the maelstrom of ideas and
estranged from the praxis of the Church, and if I have no understanding I would
be unable to express them. This is a balance which we must all strive for so as
not to misrepresent the faith to those who wish to find God.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">The second of these inner examinations comes from motive,
and is one which I see of as vitally lacking today amongst those who sell
themselves as Theologians. Before engaging in discussion of matters of faith we
must ask the simple question of why? Are we starting a discussion to try and
‘win’? Are we trying to gain social respect for our words or are we angered by
someone and wish to state an opposing view. If so, we must refrain as we would
risk speaking of the word with “<b>greater violence than is pleasing to The
Word.” </b>A correct motive in this speech is to give a fair presentation of
the faith through experience and wisdom, if we cannot provide this we have no
place to speak as we are not demonstrating in ourselves a prayerful member of
the Church but just another hollow man of words and an ‘<b>itchy tongue</b>’
rather than a pure heart and mind.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">From these we grasp the message of the Oration which is
one of self-examination as to whether we can ever speak in a way that does
justice to the faith that we claim to represent. If we are not able to do so
then we must ask why we believe we can benefit the Church in attempting to
speak on her behalf. If we speak for our own gain we are deceiving and if we
speak in ignorance we do damage,. Therefore, in all cases we must ask ‘why
speak at all?”</span></div>
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