Sunday 12 December 2021

“For we are members of one another.” – Forsaking Bitterness

 







Originally posted on CopticNN

In our fast paced and modern lives, based around quick communication and quicker reaction we often do not take time reflect; however, this lack of reflection and introspection can often give rise to the struggle of controlling anger and lack of consideration of the impact of these feelings on ourselves and our faith. In fact, both scripture and the writings of the Church fathers warn of this constantly and give numerous reasons why we need to be cautious about our failures to stop and consider others.

In his letter to the Ephesians, St Paul dedicates vast swathes of his writing to warnings of the impact of a lack of insight when dealing with others. He begins the fourth chapter of the letter with a plea to, Make every effort to keep the unity of the Spirit through the bond of peace,” (Ephesians 4:3) reminding the community that collaboration and cooperation with another in our spiritual lives is a task which requires effort on all our parts. Throughout the chapter St Paul uses this opportunity to express the link between acceptance of the weaknesses of others and growth in the Christian life.

In this way we are warned here to take time to think of the impact of our activities on those around us and reflect on the situations which may surround us when confronted with anger or bitterness towards others for our weaknesses or theirs. St Basil discusses this also in his sermon on anger, stating that it leads us to act irrationally since those caught in the throws of anger, “do not have time for the perception of what they have suffered, since the whole of their soul has been moved toward revenge against those who have grieved them.” This presents us with a challenge since we are all often caught in the bonds of annoyance or frustration, having felt wronged, and we see this become especially common today where we are open to means of communication which can respond in short and quick terms without the need for any physical or emotional closeness to others, effectively foregoing the need for any consequence or witness of the implications. 

St John Chrysostom discusses this in his 8th homily on the Epistle to the Ephesians, emphasising the need to recognise the unity of ourselves and our brothers instead of enmity at times of strife. He says that we should, “Bind yourself to your brother. They bear all things lightly who are bound together in love.” In this there is a recognition of our natural biases towards those close to us, however the solution he offers is not a novel one but I vital part of the Christian message, to recognise that all are our brothers and sisters and therefore there is to be no favouritism in our dealings with each other, echoing Christ’s own sentiment in Luke 8:21 that, “My mother and my brethren are these which hear the word of God, and do it.” In these words, all we interact with become closer and to be treated equally with respect as those brought into life in Christ. These words can apply in any situation, and not just to those who share our faith but all those who share in being part of God’s act of creation.

So how do we overcome this struggle? It is not an easy task. However, we are given many examples in the words of the Apostles and Fathers to guide us in this challenge. The first of these we can take it is to stop and consider our responses to the actions of others. St Basil speaks of this as to, “give your thoughts the opportunity to choose the good portion,” and considering that the actions you take will either assist that person in their growth, demonstrating God’s love. If you choose in such situations to act in spite it will have the opposite impact and drive that person further to their own anger and potentially into the hands of other sins. A similar sentiment is expressed by St Paul to his Ephesian brothers, whom he tells In your anger do not sin,” (Ephesians 4:26) in this manner telling them to think before they take actions which will lead to the suffering of others. This manner of thought before action leads one to the opportunity to assess their situation and reflect before they turn from godly acts. This also allows the opportunity to reflect and apply this response when in struggles, giving the opportunity for prayer and development in these virtues.

Similarly, another way to build up a habit against anger and bitterness is to actively practice Christian virtue. This is again a key theme mentioned by St Paul in his letter to the Corinthians when he advises them to, “put on the new self, created to be like God in true righteousness and holiness,” (Ephesians 4:24) warning them against continuing to practice deception and anger. In this way, if we are to seek to emulate Christ through a life of virtue we should be constantly vigilant in avoiding sinful passions. This can mean working on both our prayer life, which is the basis of all virtue, and on the application of our faith in our daily lives through recognition of the virtues of humility and peacefulness in our actions we can work to avoid lapsing into anger and malice, always being reminded of the example set in the life and teachings of the incarnate Word of God.

This leads to a final thought. St Paul finishes the 4th chapter of his letter to the Ephesians with a command to the people, he says, “Get rid of all bitterness, rage and anger, brawling and slander, along with every form of malice. Be kind and compassionate to one another, forgiving each other, just as in Christ God forgave you”. (Ephesians 4:31-32) In this we are reminded of this important promise of the Christian faith, that to be born again in Christ does not mean to become immediately perfect but to have the opportunity of salvation in him. In this we are given the opportunity to dwell alongside others and together to cast of our old selves and become what we are made to be. In this we are not called to rashness but to compassion, not to bitterness but to forgives, and not to wrath but to the divine forgiveness through Christ and his life-giving Cross. There can be no greater glory than this, so it is certainly worth taking time to reflect upon before any action.

Book Review: "Voyager from Xanadu" By Morris Rossabi

 







Voyager from Xanadu: Rabban Sauma and the First Journey from China to the West
By Morris Rossabi
ISBN: 9780520262379
Price: £16.60

I originally picked this text up after listening to the final episode of the Timur Podcast and seeking to read more on the politics of the various khanates following the death of Chinggis Khan, especially with regards to the various key Christian actors involved. Having previously read quite deeply into the topic I was pleased to find that this book went into significant detail on the place of the Church of the East in the Yuan Dynasty and Ilkhanate, and offered much more detail on the journey of Rabban Bar Sauma.

To summarise the book and its purpose, the text is an overview of the journey of Rabban Bar Sauma to the West and his encounters with the various religious and secular rulers and authorities, along with the implications of the journey with regards to the political relationships between the Ilkhanate and its western neighbours. Throughout the book, we see the historical context of his visit to a various state and the way in which this played into his treatment, from the mild response from the cardinals on his first visit to Rome, to the exaltation of the kings of both England and France at the possibility of a crusade against the Mamluks. This along with the occasional side mention of the changing politics of the east allows the narrative to play out wonderfully or the historically midned reader.

One wonderful benefit of this is that we are given the whole scope of the journey, not just following Rabban Bar Sauma as he journeys, but being given an additional layer of context to every gift, handshape, or Mass he is involved in, helping us understand the significance of every act. Rossabi’s style of writing also provides a great flow, making this less of a discussion of an historical record and closer to a piece of journey fiction based in the medieval period. However this writing style is also something of a burden for the reader, since Rossabi is often so engaged in the narrative that we are not treated to the use of Bar Sauma’s own text, in fact Bar Sauma’s own journal is hardly even quoted in the text. For myself as a theologically minded reader, I would have been interested in reading Rabban Bar Sauma’s own word’s from some of his debates and discussions with the cardinals in Rome and scholars elsewhere, but instead we are given an overview of it by Rossabi instead.

This also raises one more issue for myself as someone coming to the text to explore the theological implications, since Rossabi’s own understanding of the theological landscape and debates of the period are somewhat inaccurate at points. Examples such as calling the Jacobites of the Syriac Church “Monophysite” and referring to Bar Sauma as a Nestorian without addressing the implications for this on his visits to the Byzantine empire or Roman Church (minus a strange interaction regarding the filioque) leave me as a reader seeking elsewhere for a clearer discussion. In this manner, Rossabi’s book failed to scratch the itch it promised to.

Overall this was an enjoyable book and recommended for anyone wishing to know about this specific historical episode, however if you are seeking dept or a detailed overview then you should look elsewhere.


Sunday 22 November 2020

Discussing Orthodox Faith: Playing to our Strengths

 

Originally posted on CopticNN

I am going to start this piece by saying something crazy, I am Orthodox because it is truth. I am not Orthodox because it is fun, I am not Orthodox because it is convenient, and I am not Orthodox because it suits my lifestyle. I am simply an Orthodox Christian because it is the fullness of the faith, found inside the living and apostolic Church as guided by the Holy Spirit. This is the greatest strength of the Church and the greatest weapon of the Church when confronting challenges in expressing the faith to others.

For many Christians around the world the expressing of faith to others is done through adapting the worship or making changes in expression to accommodate for a change in the audience, seeing many traditions as being outmodes or subjective, Though as mentioned in our previous article, this can often serve to only weaken to the resolve of someone seeking the faith as they would see it undervalued by those inside. In the same manner that one would not destroy or vandalise a priceless artifact, we would not dismantle or undermine the traditions passed down if we see them as apostolic or given through Christ himself to the world. This leads us to the question of the value of the faith’s apostolicity and historical significance in dialogues regarding faith and how these are indeed the greatest tools in the arsenal of the evangelist in the postmodern religious landscape.

Firstly if we speak of the historicity of the Church, we are speaking of its role in the history of Christianity from the life of Christ to today. This is something that many Christian communities cannot address, having their origins in schisms and splits from other communities or from the Church itself, since it is difficult to justify one’s belief as Christianity in the most traditional sense when ones founder rejected this faith. In the same manner many religions have strayed so far from their own historical origins that they are almost meaningless as an historical faith, such as western Buddhism which many see as an ‘alternative lifestyle,’ rejecting many of the foundational or traditional praxis or ethics for the sake of promoting itself to the new-age movement in the western world.

However this places Orthodox Christianity in a unique position, keeping its origins clear and its historical values and faith close to it. In this manner it is a beacon and living expression of the faith of the early Church, something many seek in this world of replicas and individualism, something I myself was drawn to. The historical veracity and continuance of apostolic tradition is a vital aspect of the Church in the world today as this is spoken of as vital in scripture. St Paul teaching in 2Thess 2:15, “stand firm and hold fast to the teachings we passed on to you, whether by word of mouth or by letter.” For many this simply means the words given in scripture, however from an orthodox perspective this can apply to the praxis, ethics and doctrines given by the fathers alongside scripture and its interpretation, allowing Orthodoxy to breathe in the world as a living expression of the faith of the Apostles themselves. In this way, Orthodoxy appears to those who seek the living expression of this faith.

In a similar manner the Apostolicity of the faith itself is important when expressing the Orthodox faith to others. If one is seeking the faith of the apostles they will seek the faith which accords with the faith taught by the Early Church, in this way they will be drawn to Orthodoxy. The English Catholic Saint John Henry Newman stated, “To Be Deep in History Is to Cease to Be Protestant,” and he was right in this. To discover the aspects of faith which were expressed in the Church at the time of the Nicene fathers and not find them in ones own Church or amongst those Christians visible in your life can be devastating to ones faith, in the same manner that one would feel ashamed to discover their parents had deceived them regarding their identity. In this manner, Orthodoxy is unique in not having this crisis of identity amongst Christians today.

In this same way, Orthodox Christianity can be seen as amongst only a few faiths which has not liberalised or culturally warped its doctrines. If we are to compare it to examples in Judaism, where we see the destruction of the temple and emergence of rabbinical Judaism then later the rise of the Chassidic movements, we see a gradual shift from anything resembling the Jewish faith two thousand years ago. In the same manner Islam has failed to be able to express its faith in the modern world in the opposite sense, enforcing doctrine without justification, which is again against its own historical praxis of incorporating Hellenic philosophy as seen in places such as early Baghdad and Damascus. Both of these serve as examples of how Orthodoxy has been able to present itself as a doctrinally, and in its ethos, the living Church of the apostles, a vital point of emphasis for one explaining why Christianity is a historical and Apostolic Faith.

So what is the message here? It is a simple one. Do not see the Church’s history as a burden or something which cannot be a point of value. Many seeking the Church today will find solace in its historical viability and clear representation of the apostolic faith as proof of its heritage in a religious marketplace fully of diverse yet unrooted traditions. As Christ himself Said of the faith of his Apostles, “on this rock I will build My church, and the gates of Hades shall not prevail against it.” In the same way we must say that on the rock of the faith of the Apostles we must found our own evangelism, and if we do this then the gates of hell can never prevail over our work. 


Discussing Orthodox Faith: Audience and the dangers of pre-packed evangelism

 


Originally posted on CopticNN

Someone I often notice when speaking of my personal journey to the Orthodox faith is that people do not hear what they expect to. A number of years ago I attended a converts group and explained how I came to faith through philosophical enquiry and was told, “we don’t want to hear about philosophy, when did you open your heart to Jesus?” Needless to say, I didn’t attend the group again. However, this incident raises an interesting challenge regarding the expression of our faith to others, and that is the risk of alienating them through not speaking to their need.

In my own secular life, I work as a teacher, and the question of differentiation comes up often in my planning. We are trained to ask, ‘what level are you teaching to?’ and ‘How does the lesson link to prior learning?’ In the same manner, we need to ask the same question when speaking about our faith or trying to present it in a manner which would be meaningful to others. After all, what benefit is it to speak of the marvel the crucifixion to someone who hasn’t come to terms with the concept of the salvation it brought. Similarly, we would not spend the majority of our energies convincing a well-studied catholic enquirer of the importance of the fathers or apostolic succession. Therefore, we need to step away from the presumption that a ‘pre-packed’ view on evangelism or the position that all come to Christ in the same way,

Let us take two examples and compare these. Imagine that you have a visitor to your parish who has come from a Pentecostal background and left due to a family issue, they would be seeking to find community and a church which can provide comfort. They may also face difficulties in areas such as the veneration of the Saints, or the use of Icons in the Church. This means that anyone helping with their catechesis will need to adapt their approach to these specific needs through themselves having a comforting approach and a depth of understanding of these issues. In a similar way, if there were to be someone coming from a non-religious background and seeking to become Orthodox following some personal epiphany regarding the faith. This person may have background in addressing philosophical questions and need their entire understanding rebuilt from the ground up and need to address tough questions on theological challenges such as the nature of God. Similarly approaches may differ based on someone’s prior theological education or their own prayer life, both of which impact the approach the Church should take when introducing someone into the Church and catering for their development.

As both of these examples show, the view that someone’s spiritual and catechetical development can be presumed is an absurd one and one which the Church needs to address, otherwise we risk falling into the common danger of ‘prepacked evangelism’ which we see often amongst some communities who will take a generic and often impersonal approach to their introduction of the faith to others. This is also something we often see in our own communities where an enquirer whose needs or questions are not answered will be blamed if they do not attend again or lose their way in their journey of faith. However if we are to take an intelligent approach to this challenge it can be solved by looking to the example of Christ in his interactions with people of differing backgrounds and foundations in their faith.

In John 4 we see Christ’s interaction with the Samaritan woman, in which he refers to her concerns over the Jewish/Samaritan schism in a manner which gives us pause to think. When she asks, “You are a Jew and I am a Samaritan woman. How can you ask me for a drink?” (John 4:9) due to views on ritual purity he responds by pointing out, ““If you knew the gift of God and who it is that asks you for a drink, you would have asked him and he would have given you living water.” (John 4:10). In this manner he addresses her concern though raising his divinity, leading to a discussion on his teachings and the nature of salvation. Following this he calls her to him through speaking of the end of this schism through the person of Christ, stating, “a time is coming and has now come when the true worshipers will worship the Father in the Spirit and in truth, for they are the kind of worshipers the Father seeks.” (Jhn 4:21). In doing this there is no dismissal of either her previous views nor a vindication, but a catering to the discussion she needed for her salvation. Applying this to the modern challenge in evangelism in a multi-faith society, we need to ask “what is their prior understanding? What needs to be stripped away, and what can be built on?” In this manner we can both take down any misconceptions and build up and need for development based on the manner of someone’s prior learning.

In its missionary and evangelism work, the Coptic Church has made strives in its approach to bringing faith to other communities and growing in the multi-faith and often postmodernist world, however without ensuring that the evangelism that appears is catered to the recognition that diversity is not simply intercommunal but also intracommunal it is bound to hit a brick wall. If we cannot speak to the individual and their own experience in our attempts to bring others into the Church, we will struggle to bring anyone into the Church. In the same manner, if we cannot cater to the individual needs of the person coming into the Church, we should not be surprised if they seek it elsewhere.    


Discussing Faith: Culture, language, and the modern Areopagus.

 

Originally published on CopticNN

As Orthodox Christians, we often bemoan the state of our missionary work in countries unreached by the faith, however these efforts have been growing recently, with missions and parishes emerging in the far-east, sub-Saharan Africa, and South America.  Recently I had the blessing to speak with a missionary association in Cairo, discussing the challenges facing those travelling around the world to share their faith, and how to counter these. One of the biggest challenges discussed was regarding cultural dialogue and the challenges of expressing the Christian faith in communities where even the most basic Christian theological terminologies were not a part of the vernacular.

Though this may sound like an obscurity, when we look at prevailing theologies outside of those areas occupied by Abrahamic faiths, we see the challenge facing those whose role it is to express our apostolic faith to others; it is often seen as being incompatible, at a theological level, with the local culture. Because of this It becomes the role of the missionary to develop a theological dialogue between themselves and an audience who have no shared concepts or vocabulary to base their discussion on.

Let us look at an example. Imagine an orthodox missionary were to travel to rural Mongolia, armed with a collection of materials and a fluent understanding of the local language. They would have the capacity to explain their belief but not to translate these in a sense that would permeate in a culture whose religious literacy is tied up largely in Buddhism and native shamanism. The challenge would no longer be one of how to begin a discussion but of how the discussion can be understood accurately and in a meaningful way. Even concepts which we largely take for granted in discussions, such as the concept of a personal (relatable in some sense) God, may become far more difficult to express to someone whose concept of God is impersonal or whose faith is traditionally deistic. In the same manner we would be required to address concepts far beyond this such as trinity, incarnation and eschatology, without risking falling into creating our own theologies or misrepresenting them.

The western Philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein discussed this challenge in his theory of Language Games. He implied that the vast majority of philosophical disagreement is grounded in the differences in use of terminology and that, “Philosophical issues arise when language goes on holiday.” To get by this issue one would be expected to understand the rules and terminology regarding discussing that subject, like someone would be expected to understand and play by the rules of chess when in a game of chess. In the same manner, if someone were to engage in a theological discussion with someone whose only understanding of religion comes from non-theistic or deistic traditions they would be expected to discuss things in a way that would be meaningful to their audience, otherwise the discussion would be fruitless. This is exactly the challenge faced by missionaries, not the ability to discuss faith, but to have it understood in a meaningful way.

This dilemma may imply that I feel missionary work in such cultures is futile, however I for one relish the existence of this challenge and recognise it as having been one which the Church (both our Oriental Orthodox, and the Eastern Orthodox) have had to face in the past and have done so before. In the case of the Eastern Orthodox we have examples such as Cyril and Methodius who literally developed a new alphabet to allow Slavonic communities to read the Gospel. However, the greatest example can be seen in Acts 17, where St. Paul discusses the faith with Greek philosophers, applying their own terminologies and sentiments to demonstrate the nature of God, bringing many to the faith.

St. Paul’s Areopagus sermon is the perfect example of knowing your audience and their culture, allowing St Paul to engage fully in their discussions and bring them to the understanding of the faith. If we break this sermon down, we will see this in its entirety. St Paul begins by discussing their forms of worship and beliefs through the inscription to the ‘Unknown God.’ And explains, “the One whom you worship without knowing, Him I proclaim to you: God, who made the world and everything in it, since He is Lord of heaven and earth, does not dwell in temples made with hands.” (Acts 17:23) in doing this we see him acknowledge the personal nature of their previous theology and apply it to his words regarding the Christian faith. Following on from this, he explains to them the errors of applying their worship to this theology, using the shared belief regarding the nature of God as his basis, allowing understanding and agreement. We also, in this instance, see an area where there is no shared basis, when we are told, “when they heard of the resurrection of the dead, some mocked, while others said, “We will hear you again on this matter.” (Acts 17:32). However in this instance, many seem to wish to continue to hear and understand, thus giving St. Paul his opportunity to continue to share based on his willingness to reference their beliefs and use them to explain the Christian faith and its truth.

With the example of St. Paul in the Areopagus, we see both the challenges and rewards which missionaries can face when expressing the faith to others. By using and referencing the ‘Unknown God’ and how He is known through Christ, St. Paul was able to win many to the faith, however he also recognised the challenge of expressing belief in an afterlife to those who do not recognise the post-mortem existence. It is in matters such as these that the modern missionary will look to establish a shared understanding of language on the nature of body, soul and spirit where available. However, topics of eschatology remain something of a challenge to express even to those within the Church at times.

Overall, the challenge of filtering the truth of our faith through differing cultural contexts is one which the Church faces increasingly as it looks outwards to missions in cultures with no prior understanding or exposure to Abrahamic faith, and especially to Christianity. However, through recognition of the need to work within the bounds and rules of the prior language and cultural or religious landmarks of those we are seeking to bring to Christ, we can break down the language barrier and allow for a more meaningful and thorough dialogue, deepening the love of Christ in those we wish to welcome into his Church. Christ called us to bring all nations to him, this will always seem a daunting task but once the first wall is broken between the Church and those it seeks to welcome, others will seem much smaller.


Sunday 24 February 2019

Book Preview: "Scriptural Basis of the Divine Liturgy" by Rany Makaryus



“The Scriptural Basis of the Divine Liturgy: Meditations on the Coptic Orthodox Liturgy of Saint Basil”
By Rany Makaryus
Price: £6.95  (Amazon UK)
ISBN: 1732891818

Today’s blog post will be slightly different to the usual. Instead of reviewing a book, we have the blessing of hearing from the author. Rany Makaryus’ book “The Scriptural Basis of the Divine Liturgy” is a wonderful introductory text to liturgical studies, exploring the scriptural links between the Liturgical prayers of the Coptic Orthodox Church and Scripture, as well as the origins of our Liturgical practice found therein.

So here is what Rany had to say:

“Do you remember the last time you focused on what was being recited in church before taking communion? It is very hard to focus on that. We always have so much on our minds as we stand there stressed out about work, conflicts with others, problems we are facing, and pending tasks we need to complete. Besides the stress, any little thing happening around us so easily distracts us¾just a small alert from our phone can send our minds off in many different directions. Worse is that it seems we have become rather immune to the many prayers that are recited on a weekly basis.

Growing up going to church on a weekly basis and being the smart aleck kid that I was, I liked to ask annoying questions such as, “If Jesus said that we should not use vain repetitions in our prayers, then why do we repeat prayers so many times during the liturgy?” Similarly, we might ask why the prayers in church are so long and drawn out. This might be the case in many different churches, but it is particularly true about the Coptic Orthodox Church. If you've ever been to one of our liturgies, you will realize just how long this could take. The shortest I’ve ever seen is at least 2 hours from when the service begins to when we heard the words “Go in peace.” Much happens in that time, and if we really care to know the answers to these questions, we should diligently try to understand what is being said and done.

The Coptic Orthodox Church presents us with many rich traditions and prayers that are meant to keep us rooted in the true faith.  In fact, as much as the liturgy is meant to prepare us for receiving Holy Communion, it is also a way for us to learn about our faith. There is so much that a believer can learn about Christianity simply by attending and paying attention during the liturgical prayers on a weekly basis.

When I started to dig deep into understanding why there are so many prayers, why they are all so important in preparation for receiving this sacrament, and how they were all put together in the form that we now have, it became very clear that these prayers have one main source, and that is the Holy Bible. I was most intrigued by the words of Saint Paul to the church in Corinth about their church gatherings saying, “For I received from the Lord that which I also delivered to you...” (1 Cor 11:23). This phrase indicates that this tradition of breaking the bread and sharing in communion with one another¾receiving the Body and Blood of Christ¾was instituted by Christ Himself. We can further extrapolate from this that this tradition was preserved by the church and passed down to us through the past 2 millennia. Further evidence of this is that different churches throughout the world, many of which have not maintained much communications for centuries, currently have very similar phrases used in their prayers.

How is it that these prayers can be preserved, not only through time, but also throughout many different cultures and traditions around the world? The reality is that this is mainly because these prayers have their roots in the scriptures that we all hold so dear to our faith. This was the principle inspiration for me as I put together my findings, leading to writing the book Scriptural Basis of the Divine Liturgy: Meditations on the Coptic Orthodox Liturgy of Saint Basil. Though it might be hard to focus on the prayers during the liturgy, if we really want to take our faith seriously, we should strive to understand the meaning behind these prayers that we hear on a weekly basis. Hopefully, with this new year, we can take a renewed focus on the liturgy and the depth of meaning we gain from it. “

Scriptural Basis of the Divine Liturgy is available now on Amazon UK:



For kindle version:

Thursday 3 January 2019

Tolkien, Meekness and the Christian Message of Hope.


We must take a hard road, a road unforeseen. There lies our hope, if hope it be.”
Tolkien, Meekness and the Christian Message of Hope.



 The title of this post may be a bit confusing, so before I start I will explain. Having spent the last year agonising over what to write about, I stepped back and decided to get back into reading. One of my favourite genres is ‘High Fantasy’ and specifically the writing of JRR Tolkien, with his blending of his faith, life and interests into his writing. Having recently rekindled my love of his Lord of the Rings series, I was reminded of an important theme, the theme of having hope. Since today also lands on the Birthday of Tolkien, I thought it apt to write this short reflection.

In the Christian faith, we hear of the term hope constantly, with the emphasis on God’s great love for us in the action of the Incarnation. This is expressed well in the First Epistle of Peter, in which we are reminded that God, “was manifest in these last times for you,  who through Him believe in God, who raised Him from the dead and gave Him glory, so that your faith and hope are in God.However, unlike the traditional concept of the provision of hope in an almighty God, the Christian message of hope goes a step beyond and presents its message of hope through two unimaginable images; his birth and his eventual death. 

Interestingly, in Tolkien’s “Lord of the Rings” this theme of hope promised through the unimagined is often expressed in a way that is highly relatable to Christians today, as it is expressed as coming in the meekest of beings and the darkest of journeys. To me, one of the greatest expressions of this hope is found at the Council of Elrond. For those who have not read the book, this is an event in which the Free peoples of Middle Earth meet to discuss what to do upon discovering the Ring of Power, which is a weapon of pure power and evil, often symbolic of sin or corruption which gives power but ultimately destroys. Because of this, it is decided that the only possibility is to destroy it, by entering the land of Mordor, where the enemy resides. “We must take a hard road, a road unforeseen. There lies our hope, if hope it be. To walk into peril – to Mordor. We must send the Ring to the Fire.” In this we already see the resemblance to the Christian concept of Christ’s death and resurrection. 

In both cases, hope is found in the darkest of situations through something which we would not usually seek as a form of hope. In the case of Middle Earth it is found in entering the very home of Evil, in the case of our faith it is found in the Death of Christ on the cross. As John Chrysostom stated in his Paschal Sermon, Let no one fear death, for the Saviour’s death has set us free. He that was held prisoner of it has annihilated it. By descending into Hell, He made Hell captive.”  This expression of faith would seem utterly baffling to one outside of Christianity, however it is in this that we find the core of our faith as a truth. Because of this, the concept of death becomes a promise of eternal life to Christians, as the death of Christ allows us a Salvation which we were promised, in the same manner as those attending the Council of Elrond found their Salvation only through the journey into the lair of their enemy.

The message of such a hope is vital to Christians today, since we are expected to take leaps of faith and take up our struggle in all we do. Christ reminds us in the Gospels, “If anyone would come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me. For whoever would save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for my sake will find it.This becomes even more prevalent when we witness the dedication to their faith of the many Martyrs of both the Early Church and even today. In this, the realisation of the call to the promise of eternal life becomes a reality and the hope of life after this becomes something to hold onto regardless of circumstance. It is this very fact that makes it so profound. Knowing that our salvation came through Christ’s passion and resurrection gives hope that God is there, and that even in the darkest of times there is a light and that that light is God.

In the same manner, the idea of the Incarnation itself and gift of hope through Jesus Christ was something of a scandal in the ancient world, especially in the manner of his coming; St Athanasius reminds us that, “The Lord did not come to make a display. He came to heal and to teach suffering men.” In this we see that hope came in Christ in the humblest of manners. During this time of advent this message becomes even more prevalent, and we are taught of the nativity of our Lord being born not in a Palace as a King but in a manger where animals feed from. St john Chrysostom expresses this in an emphatic manner in his nativity Sermon, stating, “What shall I say! And how shall I describe this Birth to you? For this wonder fills me with astonishment. The Ancient of Days has become an infant. He Who sits upon the sublime and heavenly Throne, now lies in a manger.” In this we see the scandal of hope coming through the meekest of means.

This theme is again taken up by Tolkien, through his main protagonist who is a Hobbit (Halfling) named Frodo. As all of the races are arguing over who will destroy the ring he volunteers to take up the quest and he expresses his meekness by stating, “'I will take the Ring,' he said, 'though I do not know the way.’ In this we see the reminder of the smallest of beings doing what none other could. This message again is emphasised when it is stated, “such is oft the course of deeds that move the wheels of the world: small hands do them because they must, while the eyes of the great are elsewhere.” This resonates with the message of the Incarnation, that the lofty and prideful will not seek Salvation in what they perceive as lesser, an attitude which we see throughout the Gospels through the Jewish authorities refusing to accept Christ due to their pride and greed.

This message again is a vital and important practical message for Christians, since God has condescended and became man for us, offering up himself as man that we may come to know him and receive Salvation. St Paul expresses this, stating how he, “did not regard equality with God a thing to be grasped, but emptied Himself, taking the form of a bond-servant, and being made in the likeness of men.” This can again link to the message of the Resurrection that he died to defeat death, in the same way he came to us to help us come to him. In living out this in our lives we are given a living example of how to live meekly and in humility. Even beyond this we are offered a promise of Salvation, reminded that the meekest and lowest of us can be the bearer of hope to others.  
Overall, we are offered two key images of hope, neither of which would traditionally inspire in us the idea of a promise of Salvation or Hope. However, we know that it was through the birth of the Child in the Manger and his harrowing Death on the Cross that hope was returned to us with the promise of Salvation.  At this Advent time this is a stunning image and one which is at the centre of our prayers.

To quote Tolkien one more time, “This is the hour of the Shire-folk, when they arise from their quiet fields to shake the towers and counsels of the Great. Who of all the Wise could have foreseen it? Or, if they are wise, why should they expect to know it, until the hour has struck?” Or to put it simply, Hope is found in the most surprising of places but it is always hidden in plain sight.